{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2065951713","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2016911.2016931","title":"Explaining program code","display_name":"Explaining program code","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-08-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2065951713","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2016911.2016931","mag":"2065951713"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2016911.2016931","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2016911.2016931","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the seventh international workshop on Computing education research","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Simon","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78757542","display_name":"University of Newcastle Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/00eae9z71","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78757542"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Simon","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia","University of Newcastle - Newcastle, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78757542"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Newcastle - Newcastle, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78757542"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010865298","display_name":"Susan Snowdon","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78757542","display_name":"University of Newcastle Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/00eae9z71","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78757542"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Susan Snowdon","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia","University of Newcastle - Newcastle, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78757542"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Newcastle - Newcastle, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78757542"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78757542"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.8967,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94216705,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"93","last_page":"100"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9785000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11283","display_name":"Experimental Learning in Engineering","score":0.9517999887466431,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.7217100858688354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7190847396850586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.49946022033691406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.37783968448638916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.2732303738594055}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.7217100858688354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7190847396850586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.49946022033691406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.37783968448638916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2732303738594055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2016911.2016931","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2016911.2016931","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the seventh international workshop on Computing education research","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7300000190734863,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W116622144","https://openalex.org/W598355015","https://openalex.org/W946474243","https://openalex.org/W1487063933","https://openalex.org/W1504032559","https://openalex.org/W1511583024","https://openalex.org/W1594737854","https://openalex.org/W1730782591","https://openalex.org/W1984568624","https://openalex.org/W2012560454","https://openalex.org/W2018114844","https://openalex.org/W2041103998","https://openalex.org/W2071792242","https://openalex.org/W2082361605","https://openalex.org/W2084684919","https://openalex.org/W2121993767","https://openalex.org/W2122166962","https://openalex.org/W2141316253","https://openalex.org/W2144644874","https://openalex.org/W2165365113","https://openalex.org/W2413154209","https://openalex.org/W2613300092","https://openalex.org/W4230514184","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Of":[0],"the":[1,13,25,40,46,49,56,60,73,86,94,101,109,127,131,150,183,186,196,199],"students":[2,41,76,89,122,145],"who":[3],"pass":[4],"introductory":[5,82],"programming":[6,83],"courses,":[7],"many":[8],"appear":[9],"unable":[10,43,147,193],"to":[11,23,44,62,92,107,148,171,194,204],"explain":[12],"purpose":[14,47,57,95,110,152,161,184,197],"of":[15,48,75,80,130,153,156,185,198],"simple":[16],"code":[17,50,157,200],"fragments":[18,155],"such":[19],"as":[20],"a":[21,115,134,208],"loop":[22],"find":[24],"greatest":[26],"element":[27],"in":[28,77,96,100,114,174],"an":[29,81,119],"array.":[30],"It":[31],"has":[32],"never":[33],"been":[34],"established":[35],"whether":[36],"this":[37],"is":[38,167,177],"because":[39,52,179,189],"are":[42,191],"determine":[45,55,195],"or":[51,202],"they":[53,104,180,190],"can":[54],"but":[58,140,188],"lack":[59],"ability":[61],"express":[63,93,182],"that":[64,69,160,168],"purpose.":[65],"This":[66],"study":[67],"explores":[68],"question":[70],"by":[71],"comparing":[72],"answers":[74],"several":[78,112],"offerings":[79,88,103],"course.":[84],"In":[85],"earlier":[87],"were":[90,105,146],"asked":[91,106],"their":[97],"own":[98],"words;":[99],"later":[102],"choose":[108],"from":[111,207],"options":[113],"multiple-choice":[116,128],"question.":[117],"At":[118],"overseas":[120],"campus,":[121,136],"performed":[123],"significantly":[124,142],"better":[125],"on":[126],"version":[129],"question;":[132],"at":[133],"domestic":[135],"performance":[137],"was":[138],"better,":[139],"not":[141,178],"so.":[143],"Many":[144],"identify":[149],"correct":[151],"small":[154],"when":[158],"given":[159],"and":[162],"some":[163],"alternatives.":[164],"The":[165],"conclusion":[166],"students'":[169],"failure":[170],"perform":[172],"well":[173],"code-explaining":[175],"questions":[176],"cannot":[181],"code,":[187],"truly":[192],"-":[201],"even":[203],"recognize":[205],"it":[206],"short":[209],"list.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-16T08:26:57.006410","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
