{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4253922507","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2010324.1965002","title":"Spark","display_name":"Spark","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4253922507","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2010324.1965002"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2010324.1965002","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2010324.1965002","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185367456","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","issn_l":"0730-0301","issn":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108473645","display_name":"Tim Foley","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Theresa Foley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018111215","display_name":"Pat Hanrahan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3474-9752"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pat Hanrahan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5108473645"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9651,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91526601,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"4","first_page":"1","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10481","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10481","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9902999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10996","display_name":"Computational Geometry and Mesh Generation","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shader","display_name":"Shader","score":0.9686486721038818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spark","display_name":"SPARK (programming language)","score":0.8113618493080139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7691308856010437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.6274279356002808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.622502326965332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graphics-pipeline","display_name":"Graphics pipeline","score":0.5388097763061523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graphics","display_name":"Graphics","score":0.5032529234886169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.49884510040283203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.46459388732910156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inheritance","display_name":"Inheritance (genetic algorithm)","score":0.4583733379840851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.43298518657684326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3d-computer-graphics","display_name":"3D computer graphics","score":0.19220763444900513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.128467857837677}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177681979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633182","display_name":"Shader","level":3,"score":0.9686486721038818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781215313","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3493345","display_name":"SPARK (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.8113618493080139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7691308856010437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.6274279356002808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.622502326965332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173552908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1366289","display_name":"Graphics pipeline","level":4,"score":0.5388097763061523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21442007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027879","display_name":"Graphics","level":2,"score":0.5032529234886169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.49884510040283203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.46459388732910156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780902518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6033780","display_name":"Inheritance (genetic algorithm)","level":3,"score":0.4583733379840851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.43298518657684326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66629338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189177","display_name":"3D computer graphics","level":3,"score":0.19220763444900513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.128467857837677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2010324.1965002","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2010324.1965002","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185367456","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","issn_l":"0730-0301","issn":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W64193874","https://openalex.org/W1965387308","https://openalex.org/W2109051991","https://openalex.org/W2118588333","https://openalex.org/W2145229688","https://openalex.org/W2153185479","https://openalex.org/W2155365836","https://openalex.org/W2159770071","https://openalex.org/W2178948257","https://openalex.org/W2185907055","https://openalex.org/W2294911930","https://openalex.org/W2295914203","https://openalex.org/W2295971529","https://openalex.org/W3012162385","https://openalex.org/W4241667468","https://openalex.org/W6629579983","https://openalex.org/W6637796053","https://openalex.org/W6657725327","https://openalex.org/W6680692456"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W744497305","https://openalex.org/W2147270340","https://openalex.org/W2132794636","https://openalex.org/W2981693697","https://openalex.org/W2055923388","https://openalex.org/W2077893750","https://openalex.org/W576960074","https://openalex.org/W2058044347","https://openalex.org/W2042696669","https://openalex.org/W2103600682"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,97],"creating":[1],"complex":[2],"real-time":[3,20],"shaders,":[4],"programmers":[5],"should":[6],"be":[7,46,90],"able":[8],"to":[9,82],"decompose":[10],"code":[11,79],"into":[12,28,71],"independent,":[13],"localized":[14],"modules":[15],"of":[16,69,108],"their":[17],"choosing.":[18],"Current":[19],"shading":[21,54],"languages,":[22],"however,":[23],"enforce":[24],"a":[25,53],"fixed":[26],"decomposition":[27],"per-pipeline-stage":[29],"procedures.":[30],"Program":[31],"concerns":[32,70],"at":[33],"other":[34],"scales":[35],"--":[36,44],"including":[37],"those":[38],"that":[39,64,80],"cross-cut":[40],"multiple":[41],"pipeline":[42,86],"stages":[43],"cannot":[45],"expressed":[47],"as":[48],"reusable":[49],"modules.":[50,72],"We":[51],"present":[52],"language,":[55],"Spark,":[56],"and":[57,88,92],"its":[58],"implementation":[59],"for":[60,67],"modern":[61],"graphics":[62],"hardware":[63],"improves":[65],"support":[66],"separation":[68],"A":[73],"Spark":[74,103],"shader":[75],"class":[76],"can":[77,89],"encapsulate":[78],"maps":[81],"more":[83],"than":[84],"one":[85],"stage,":[87],"extended":[91],"composed":[93],"using":[94],"object-oriented":[95],"inheritance.":[96],"our":[98],"tests,":[99],"shaders":[100],"written":[101],"in":[102],"achieve":[104],"performance":[105],"within":[106],"2%":[107],"HLSL.":[109]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2022-05-12T00:00:00"}
