{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2114604127","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1993806.1993819","title":"The impact of memory models on software reliability in multiprocessors","display_name":"The impact of memory models on software reliability in multiprocessors","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-06-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2114604127","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1993806.1993819","mag":"2114604127"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1993806.1993819","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1993806.1993819","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 30th annual ACM SIGACT-SIGOPS symposium on Principles of distributed computing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049137191","display_name":"Alexander Jaffe","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Jaffe","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041937385","display_name":"Thomas Moscibroda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8729-7841"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Moscibroda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019064642","display_name":"Laura Effinger-Dean","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laura Effinger-Dean","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081914923","display_name":"Lu\u00eds Ceze","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1377-6217"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luis Ceze","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024493389","display_name":"Karin Strau\u00df","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8327-5477"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karin Strauss","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"89","last_page":"98"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11005","display_name":"Radiation Effects in Electronics","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8325425386428833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concurrency","display_name":"Concurrency","score":0.6796557903289795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequential-consistency","display_name":"Sequential consistency","score":0.6493338942527771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.5727682709693909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shared-memory","display_name":"Shared memory","score":0.545849621295929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency-model","display_name":"Consistency model","score":0.541597306728363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiprocessing","display_name":"Multiprocessing","score":0.4899531900882721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thread","display_name":"Thread (computing)","score":0.47666245698928833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interleaving","display_name":"Interleaving","score":0.4413183927536011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-memory","display_name":"Distributed memory","score":0.4335654675960541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-model","display_name":"Memory model","score":0.43047910928726196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-shared-memory","display_name":"Distributed shared memory","score":0.42810311913490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uniform-memory-access","display_name":"Uniform memory access","score":0.3032558560371399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-management","display_name":"Memory management","score":0.2825515866279602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.2556455135345459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.23485085368156433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overlay","display_name":"Overlay","score":0.2050478756427765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.14954856038093567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-consistency","display_name":"Data consistency","score":0.10989606380462646}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8325425386428833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193702766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414548","display_name":"Concurrency","level":2,"score":0.6796557903289795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82029504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4373882","display_name":"Sequential consistency","level":4,"score":0.6493338942527771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.5727682709693909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133875982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q764810","display_name":"Shared memory","level":2,"score":0.545849621295929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37279795","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2492305","display_name":"Consistency model","level":3,"score":0.541597306728363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4822641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846651","display_name":"Multiprocessing","level":2,"score":0.4899531900882721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138101251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213092","display_name":"Thread (computing)","level":2,"score":0.47666245698928833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28034677","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17092530","display_name":"Interleaving","level":2,"score":0.4413183927536011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91481028","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1054686","display_name":"Distributed memory","level":3,"score":0.4335654675960541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12186640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6815743","display_name":"Memory model","level":3,"score":0.43047910928726196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39528615","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1229610","display_name":"Distributed shared memory","level":5,"score":0.42810311913490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51290061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1936765","display_name":"Uniform memory access","level":4,"score":0.3032558560371399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176649486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2308807","display_name":"Memory management","level":3,"score":0.2825515866279602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.2556455135345459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.23485085368156433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136085584","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910289","display_name":"Overlay","level":2,"score":0.2050478756427765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.14954856038093567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93361087","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4426698","display_name":"Data consistency","level":2,"score":0.10989606380462646}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1993806.1993819","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1993806.1993819","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 30th annual ACM SIGACT-SIGOPS symposium on Principles of distributed computing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1885534640","https://openalex.org/W1965462925","https://openalex.org/W2029601347","https://openalex.org/W2054739713","https://openalex.org/W2091085450","https://openalex.org/W2092284451","https://openalex.org/W2099706037","https://openalex.org/W2101161997","https://openalex.org/W2101309537","https://openalex.org/W2102640269","https://openalex.org/W2105900173","https://openalex.org/W2116454140","https://openalex.org/W2152390090","https://openalex.org/W2152885346","https://openalex.org/W2176864362","https://openalex.org/W2177772636","https://openalex.org/W3149658335","https://openalex.org/W4206635466","https://openalex.org/W4213319612","https://openalex.org/W4213347330","https://openalex.org/W4229975054","https://openalex.org/W4230333905","https://openalex.org/W4235116491","https://openalex.org/W6673609596"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2145655468","https://openalex.org/W2764757682","https://openalex.org/W2036306661","https://openalex.org/W1496676675","https://openalex.org/W4317827391","https://openalex.org/W2176864362","https://openalex.org/W2999610704","https://openalex.org/W2953079396","https://openalex.org/W1965261831","https://openalex.org/W2047953061"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,12],"memory":[1,19,48,60,68,124,135,166,179],"consistency":[2],"model":[3,97,111,180],"is":[4],"a":[5,10,39,95,140,177],"fundamental":[6],"system":[7],"property":[8],"characterizing":[9],"multiprocessor.":[11],"relative":[13],"merits":[14],"of":[15,27,47,75,98,122,143,156,175],"strict":[16,178],"versus":[17],"relaxed":[18],"models":[20,49,61,136,167],"have":[21,139],"been":[22],"widely":[23],"debated":[24],"in":[25],"terms":[26],"their":[28],"impact":[29,46],"on":[30,50,116],"performance,":[31],"hardware":[32],"complexity":[33],"and":[34,93,171],"programmability.":[35],"This":[36,70],"paper":[37],"adds":[38],"new":[40],"dimension":[41],"to":[42,57,85,112,119],"this":[43,89,110],"discussion:":[44],"the":[45,64,73,117,147,154,161,164,173],"software":[51],"reliability.":[52],"By":[53],"allowing":[54,80,144],"some":[55],"instructions":[56],"reorder,":[58],"weak":[59],"may":[62],"expand":[63],"window":[65],"between":[66,163],"critical":[67],"operations.":[69],"can":[71],"increase":[72],"chance":[74],"an":[76,81],"undesirable":[77],"thread-interleaving,":[78],"thus":[79,172],"otherwise-unlikely":[82],"concurrency":[83,120],"bug":[84],"manifest.":[86],"To":[87],"explore":[88],"phenomenon,":[90],"we":[91,150],"define":[92],"study":[94],"probabilistic":[96],"shared-memory":[99],"parallel":[100],"programs":[101],"that":[102,129,152],"takes":[103],"into":[104],"account":[105],"such":[106],"reordering.":[107],"We":[108],"use":[109],"formally":[113],"derive":[114],"bounds":[115],"vulnerability":[118],"bugs":[121],"different":[123,165],"models.":[125],"Our":[126],"results":[127],"show":[128,151],"for":[130],"2":[131],"concurrent":[132],"threads,":[133],"weaker":[134],"do":[137],"indeed":[138],"higher":[141],"likelihood":[142],"bugs.":[145],"On":[146],"other":[148],"hand,":[149],"as":[153],"number":[155],"parallel,":[157],"buggy":[158],"threads":[159],"increases,":[160],"gap":[162],"becomes":[168],"proportionally":[169],"insignificant,":[170],"importance":[174],"using":[176],"diminishes.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}