{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2013983933","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1978942.1979242","title":"Security through a different kind of obscurity","display_name":"Security through a different kind of obscurity","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-05-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2013983933","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1978942.1979242","mag":"2013983933"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1978942.1979242","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1978942.1979242","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081832714","display_name":"Eiji Hayashi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1248-554X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Eiji Hayashi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA","Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090310268","display_name":"Jason Hong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9856-9654"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jason Hong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA","Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078075278","display_name":"Nicolas Christin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2506-8031"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicolas Christin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA","Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081832714"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.4042,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97131188,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2055","last_page":"2064"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9782000184059143,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12553","display_name":"Psychedelics and Drug Studies","score":0.9735999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7608644962310791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password","display_name":"Password","score":0.6999579071998596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.6806110143661499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.5774474143981934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5644896030426025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resilience","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","score":0.5611368417739868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.46011051535606384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-security","display_name":"Information security","score":0.44376638531684875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-factor-authentication","display_name":"Multi-factor authentication","score":0.4327138364315033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.36351627111434937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3406843841075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.33035242557525635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.3206613063812256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication-protocol","display_name":"Authentication protocol","score":0.1452157199382782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08639544248580933}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7608644962310791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109297577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157","display_name":"Password","level":2,"score":0.6999579071998596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.6806110143661499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5774474143981934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5644896030426025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779585090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.5611368417739868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.46011051535606384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527648132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189900","display_name":"Information security","level":2,"score":0.44376638531684875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194699767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7878662","display_name":"Multi-factor authentication","level":4,"score":0.4327138364315033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.36351627111434937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3406843841075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.33035242557525635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.3206613063812256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21564112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825885","display_name":"Authentication protocol","level":3,"score":0.1452157199382782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08639544248580933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1978942.1979242","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1978942.1979242","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.46000000834465027}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","display_name":"Army Research Office","ror":"https://ror.org/05epdh915"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W128619364","https://openalex.org/W165936246","https://openalex.org/W623336797","https://openalex.org/W1485033854","https://openalex.org/W1503108337","https://openalex.org/W1921097329","https://openalex.org/W1980384741","https://openalex.org/W1996851501","https://openalex.org/W2022872918","https://openalex.org/W2024562548","https://openalex.org/W2030466829","https://openalex.org/W2037202491","https://openalex.org/W2043697446","https://openalex.org/W2046378201","https://openalex.org/W2098841294","https://openalex.org/W2104773223","https://openalex.org/W2107911557","https://openalex.org/W2111465783","https://openalex.org/W2116371103","https://openalex.org/W2129088386","https://openalex.org/W2151401338","https://openalex.org/W2171133282","https://openalex.org/W2320112025","https://openalex.org/W2322528552","https://openalex.org/W4240888466","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6656570016"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2784017372","https://openalex.org/W2363363251","https://openalex.org/W4309172146","https://openalex.org/W4238865314","https://openalex.org/W4291701200","https://openalex.org/W2784315464","https://openalex.org/W192327621","https://openalex.org/W3000652178","https://openalex.org/W4324137616","https://openalex.org/W2801543595"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"While":[0],"a":[1,56],"large":[2],"body":[3],"of":[4,55,67],"research":[5],"on":[6,11],"image-based":[7,36],"authentication":[8,37,59],"has":[9,16],"focused":[10],"memorability,":[12],"comparatively":[13],"less":[14],"attention":[15],"been":[17],"paid":[18],"to":[19,42],"the":[20,53],"new":[21],"security":[22],"challenges":[23],"these":[24],"schemes":[25],"may":[26,38],"introduce.":[27],"Because":[28],"images":[29,63],"can":[30],"convey":[31],"more":[32,40],"information":[33],"than":[34,46],"text,":[35],"be":[39],"vulnerable":[41],"educated":[43,68],"guess":[44,69],"attacks":[45,70],"passwords.":[47],"In":[48],"this":[49],"paper,":[50],"we":[51],"evaluate":[52],"resilience":[54],"recognition-based":[57],"graphical":[58],"scheme":[60],"using":[61],"distorted":[62],"against":[64],"two":[65,72],"types":[66],"through":[71],"user":[73],"studies.":[74]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-31T08:46:17.908082","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
