{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1982820384","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1966913.1966953","title":"Attack on the GridCode one-time password","display_name":"Attack on the GridCode one-time password","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-03-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1982820384","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1966913.1966953","mag":"1982820384"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1966913.1966953","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1966913.1966953","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 6th ACM Symposium on Information, Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040348286","display_name":"Ian Molloy","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ian Molloy","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Hawthorne, NY","IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Hawthorne, NY"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Hawthorne, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Hawthorne, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101471208","display_name":"Ninghui Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8207-9717"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ninghui Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1844,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77893148,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"306","last_page":"315"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9927999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password","display_name":"Password","score":0.9162803888320923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7797332406044006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.7405340671539307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/s/key","display_name":"S/KEY","score":0.7176814675331116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password-strength","display_name":"Password strength","score":0.6732086539268494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/one-time-password","display_name":"One-time password","score":0.6502553820610046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversary","display_name":"Adversary","score":0.6140251755714417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brute-force-attack","display_name":"Brute-force attack","score":0.5886937975883484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password-cracking","display_name":"Password cracking","score":0.5873062014579773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zero-knowledge-password-proof","display_name":"Zero-knowledge password proof","score":0.5717929601669312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password-policy","display_name":"Password policy","score":0.5649914741516113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-password","display_name":"Cognitive password","score":0.5564466714859009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dictionary-attack","display_name":"Dictionary attack","score":0.4365195333957672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.21848434209823608}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109297577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157","display_name":"Password","level":2,"score":0.9162803888320923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7797332406044006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.7405340671539307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4957475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q242186","display_name":"S/KEY","level":3,"score":0.7176814675331116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70530487","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1990841","display_name":"Password strength","level":4,"score":0.6732086539268494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89479133","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1137840","display_name":"One-time password","level":3,"score":0.6502553820610046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41065033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2825412","display_name":"Adversary","level":2,"score":0.6140251755714417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207468940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q869370","display_name":"Brute-force attack","level":3,"score":0.5886937975883484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3847113","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2746524","display_name":"Password cracking","level":5,"score":0.5873062014579773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188615804","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8069448","display_name":"Zero-knowledge password proof","level":5,"score":0.5717929601669312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98705547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3394687","display_name":"Password policy","level":4,"score":0.5649914741516113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23875713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141232","display_name":"Cognitive password","level":5,"score":0.5564466714859009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113328881","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599809","display_name":"Dictionary attack","level":3,"score":0.4365195333957672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.21848434209823608}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1966913.1966953","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1966913.1966953","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 6th ACM Symposium on Information, Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.5699999928474426}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W81015123","https://openalex.org/W1529679142","https://openalex.org/W1532565518","https://openalex.org/W1543503103","https://openalex.org/W1547240621","https://openalex.org/W1766693108","https://openalex.org/W1984314602","https://openalex.org/W2026930513","https://openalex.org/W2045677456","https://openalex.org/W2065151783","https://openalex.org/W2086553822","https://openalex.org/W2096938398","https://openalex.org/W2097267243","https://openalex.org/W2119235753","https://openalex.org/W2123097583","https://openalex.org/W2128973086","https://openalex.org/W2132303913","https://openalex.org/W2135359429","https://openalex.org/W2160584199","https://openalex.org/W2404104609","https://openalex.org/W2579555219","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3004925279","https://openalex.org/W2402445170","https://openalex.org/W4239831152","https://openalex.org/W3131491961","https://openalex.org/W2187195398","https://openalex.org/W4285231999","https://openalex.org/W3091676068","https://openalex.org/W2783230056","https://openalex.org/W2097945858","https://openalex.org/W2741533670"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"SyferLock":[0],"presents":[1],"a":[2,24,73,92,97,111,116,126],"one-time":[3,20,49],"password":[4,21,50,99,128],"system,":[5,70],"GridCode,":[6],"that":[7],"allows":[8],"an":[9,86,122],"unaided":[10],"human":[11,25],"to":[12,72,84,90,109],"authenticate,":[13],"reducing":[14],"the":[15,44,47,68,88,106],"cost":[16],"of":[17,46,67,75,119],"deployment.":[18],"The":[19],"system":[22,51],"is":[23,82],"computable":[26],"challenge-response":[27,120],"protocol":[28],"which":[29],"they":[30],"claim":[31],"defends":[32],"against":[33],"key-logging,":[34],"replay,":[35],"and":[36,52,61,132],"brute":[37,93],"force":[38,94],"attacks,":[39],"among":[40],"others.":[41],"We":[42,56],"evaluate":[43],"security":[45],"Grid-Code":[48],"challenge":[53],"these":[54],"claims.":[55],"identify":[57],"weak":[58],"preimage":[59],"resistance":[60],"character":[62],"independence":[63],"as":[64],"key":[65],"weaknesses":[66],"GridCode":[69],"leading":[71],"variety":[74],"attacks.":[76],"Our":[77],"analysis":[78],"indicates":[79],"their":[80],"scheme":[81],"akin":[83],"providing":[85],"adversary":[87,123],"ability":[89],"perform":[91],"attack":[95],"on":[96],"user's":[98,127],"in":[100],"parallel":[101],"without":[102],"significant":[103],"effort,":[104],"lowering":[105],"effort":[107],"required":[108],"recover":[110,125],"strong":[112],"user":[113],"password.":[114],"Given":[115],"small":[117],"number":[118],"pairs,":[121],"can":[124],"(e.g.,":[129,135],"2--4":[130],"pairs),":[131],"additional":[133],"secret":[134],"1":[136],"pair).":[137]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
