{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2052501516","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1965724.1965749","title":"Debugging in the (very) large","display_name":"Debugging in the (very) large","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-06-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2052501516","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1965724.1965749","mag":"2052501516"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1965724.1965749","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1965724.1965749","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103482838","display_name":"Communications of the ACM","issn_l":"0001-0782","issn":["0001-0782","1557-7317"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016843418","display_name":"Kinshuman Kinshumann","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105678","display_name":"Microsoft (Finland)","ror":"https://ror.org/01nehjf29","country_code":"FI","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210105678"]}],"countries":["FI","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kinshuman Kinshumann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Corporation","MICROSOFT CORP"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Corporation","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105678"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MICROSOFT CORP","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059221143","display_name":"Kirk Glerum","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105678","display_name":"Microsoft (Finland)","ror":"https://ror.org/01nehjf29","country_code":"FI","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210105678"]}],"countries":["FI","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kirk Glerum","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Corporation","MICROSOFT CORP"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Corporation","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105678"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MICROSOFT CORP","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035264367","display_name":"Steve Greenberg","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105678","display_name":"Microsoft (Finland)","ror":"https://ror.org/01nehjf29","country_code":"FI","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210105678"]}],"countries":["FI","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steve Greenberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Corporation","MICROSOFT CORP"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Corporation","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105678"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MICROSOFT CORP","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003852358","display_name":"Gabriel Aul","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105678","display_name":"Microsoft (Finland)","ror":"https://ror.org/01nehjf29","country_code":"FI","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210105678"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["FI","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gabriel Aul","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Corporation","MICROSOFT CORP"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Corporation","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105678"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MICROSOFT CORP","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081234902","display_name":"Vince Orgovan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105678","display_name":"Microsoft (Finland)","ror":"https://ror.org/01nehjf29","country_code":"FI","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210105678"]}],"countries":["FI","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vince Orgovan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Corporation","MICROSOFT CORP"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Corporation","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105678"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MICROSOFT CORP","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111707640","display_name":"Greg Nichols","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105678","display_name":"Microsoft (Finland)","ror":"https://ror.org/01nehjf29","country_code":"FI","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210105678"]}],"countries":["FI","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Greg Nichols","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Corporation","MICROSOFT CORP"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Corporation","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105678"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MICROSOFT CORP","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041496985","display_name":"David Grant","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4611-6848"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105678","display_name":"Microsoft (Finland)","ror":"https://ror.org/01nehjf29","country_code":"FI","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210105678"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["FI","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Grant","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Corporation","MICROSOFT CORP"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Corporation","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105678"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MICROSOFT CORP","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000895062","display_name":"Gretchen Loihle","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105678","display_name":"Microsoft (Finland)","ror":"https://ror.org/01nehjf29","country_code":"FI","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210105678"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["FI","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gretchen Loihle","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Corporation","MICROSOFT CORP"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Corporation","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105678"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MICROSOFT CORP","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109068256","display_name":"Galen Hunt","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105678","display_name":"Microsoft (Finland)","ror":"https://ror.org/01nehjf29","country_code":"FI","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210105678"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["FI","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Galen Hunt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Corporation","MICROSOFT CORP"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Corporation","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105678"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MICROSOFT CORP","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016843418"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210105678"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7504,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8521711,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"54","issue":"7","first_page":"111","last_page":"116"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9898999929428101,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9832000136375427,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/debugging","display_name":"Debugging","score":0.9015982747077942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8258113861083984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.62893146276474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.5642246007919312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.5233922600746155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.47286558151245117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-bug","display_name":"Software bug","score":0.45711684226989746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.44992268085479736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.1917327344417572}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168065819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845566","display_name":"Debugging","level":2,"score":0.9015982747077942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8258113861083984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.62893146276474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.5642246007919312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.5233922600746155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.47286558151245117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1009929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179550","display_name":"Software bug","level":3,"score":0.45711684226989746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.44992268085479736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.1917327344417572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1965724.1965749","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1965724.1965749","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103482838","display_name":"Communications of the ACM","issn_l":"0001-0782","issn":["0001-0782","1557-7317"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2053601454","https://openalex.org/W2084974764","https://openalex.org/W2113375596","https://openalex.org/W2127941074"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2740264376","https://openalex.org/W4206999239","https://openalex.org/W2900719967","https://openalex.org/W2161928627","https://openalex.org/W4388482952","https://openalex.org/W2786113878","https://openalex.org/W2727867943","https://openalex.org/W3015562293","https://openalex.org/W2787155073","https://openalex.org/W2621101275"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Windows":[0,132],"Error":[1],"Reporting":[2],"(WER)":[3],"is":[4],"a":[5,21,60,92],"distributed":[6],"system":[7],"that":[8,102,128],"automates":[9],"the":[10,126],"processing":[11],"of":[12,20,28,34,84,121],"error":[13,29,38,89],"reports":[14,30,71],"coming":[15],"from":[16],"an":[17],"installed":[18],"base":[19],"billion":[22],"machines.":[23],"WER":[24,58,81,109],"has":[25,110],"collected":[26],"billions":[27],"in":[31,94],"10":[32],"years":[33],"operation.":[35],"It":[36],"collects":[37],"data":[39,64],"automatically":[40],"and":[41,53],"classifies":[42],"errors":[43,127],"into":[44],"buckets,":[45],"which":[46,66],"are":[47],"used":[48],"to":[49,56,63,75,87,99],"prioritize":[50],"developer":[51],"effort":[52],"report":[54],"fixes":[55],"users.":[57],"uses":[59],"progressive":[61],"approach":[62],"collection,":[65],"minimizes":[67],"overhead":[68],"for":[69,113],"most":[70],"yet":[72],"allows":[73,97],"developers":[74,98],"collect":[76],"detailed":[77],"information":[78],"when":[79],"needed.":[80],"takes":[82],"advantage":[83],"its":[85],"scale":[86],"use":[88],"statistics":[90],"as":[91],"tool":[93],"debugging;":[95],"this":[96],"isolate":[100],"bugs":[101],"cannot":[103],"be":[104],"found":[105],"at":[106,116],"smaller":[107],"scale.":[108],"been":[111],"designed":[112],"efficient":[114],"operation":[115],"large":[117],"scale:":[118],"one":[119],"pair":[120],"database":[122],"servers":[123],"records":[124],"all":[125,131],"occur":[129],"on":[130],"computers":[133],"worldwide.":[134]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}