{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1968736952","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/192161.192200","title":"A virtual environment and model of the eye for surgical simulation","display_name":"A virtual environment and model of the eye for surgical simulation","publication_year":1994,"publication_date":"1994-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1968736952","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/192161.192200","mag":"1968736952"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/192161.192200","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/192161.192200","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/192161.192200","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 21st annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques  - SIGGRAPH '94","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/192161.192200","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072905808","display_name":"Mark Sagar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7563-9966"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154130895","display_name":"University of Auckland","ror":"https://ror.org/03b94tp07","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark A. Sagar","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Auckland, New Zealand, Department of Mechanical Engineering","The University of Auckland, New Zealand, Department of Mechanical Engineering#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Auckland, New Zealand, Department of Mechanical Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Auckland, New Zealand, Department of Mechanical Engineering#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021558708","display_name":"David Bullivant","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154130895","display_name":"University of Auckland","ror":"https://ror.org/03b94tp07","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Bullivant","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering Science, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand","Department of Engineering Science, The University of Auckland Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering Science, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering Science, The University of Auckland Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113933519","display_name":"Gordon D. Mallinson","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154130895","display_name":"University of Auckland","ror":"https://ror.org/03b94tp07","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gordon D. Mallinson","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Auckland, New Zealand, Department of Mechanical Engineering","The University of Auckland, New Zealand, Department of Mechanical Engineering#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Auckland, New Zealand, Department of Mechanical Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Auckland, New Zealand, Department of Mechanical Engineering#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064457425","display_name":"Peter Hunter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9665-4145"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154130895","display_name":"University of Auckland","ror":"https://ror.org/03b94tp07","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter J. Hunter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering Science, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand","Department of Engineering Science, The University of Auckland Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering Science, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering Science, The University of Auckland Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.6651,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":160,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98225857,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"205","last_page":"212"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10868","display_name":"Soft Robotics and Applications","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10868","display_name":"Soft Robotics and Applications","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11984","display_name":"Anatomy and Medical Technology","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10916","display_name":"Surgical Simulation and Training","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/teleoperation","display_name":"Teleoperation","score":0.7540152072906494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6792643070220947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surgical-simulation","display_name":"Surgical simulation","score":0.6659663915634155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.5499951839447021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.5417041182518005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finite-element-method","display_name":"Finite element method","score":0.49622422456741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics","score":0.42602819204330444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graphical-user-interface","display_name":"Graphical user interface","score":0.42197185754776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.41746559739112854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-machine","display_name":"Virtual machine","score":0.41332128643989563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.4098127782344818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.3149196207523346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.29543060064315796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.19048377871513367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surgery","display_name":"Surgery","score":0.09872245788574219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.08243799209594727}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161759796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3982902","display_name":"Teleoperation","level":3,"score":0.7540152072906494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6792643070220947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018608816","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q195818","display_name":"Surgical simulation","level":2,"score":0.6659663915634155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.5499951839447021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.5417041182518005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135628077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220184","display_name":"Finite element method","level":2,"score":0.49622422456741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77660652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150971","display_name":"Computer graphics","level":2,"score":0.42602819204330444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37789001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q782543","display_name":"Graphical user interface","level":2,"score":0.42197185754776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.41746559739112854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25344961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192726","display_name":"Virtual machine","level":2,"score":0.41332128643989563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.4098127782344818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.3149196207523346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.29543060064315796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.19048377871513367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.09872245788574219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.08243799209594727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/192161.192200","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/192161.192200","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/192161.192200","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 21st annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques  - SIGGRAPH '94","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/192161.192200","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/192161.192200","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/192161.192200","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 21st annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques  - SIGGRAPH '94","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.5}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320801","display_name":"University of Auckland","ror":"https://ror.org/03b94tp07"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326130","display_name":"Lotto New Zealand","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W94397292","https://openalex.org/W1493352266","https://openalex.org/W1966721282","https://openalex.org/W1973950944","https://openalex.org/W2001373729","https://openalex.org/W2009622107","https://openalex.org/W2014555571","https://openalex.org/W2018661992","https://openalex.org/W2021785119","https://openalex.org/W2053912979","https://openalex.org/W2058095834","https://openalex.org/W2115455197","https://openalex.org/W2122541134","https://openalex.org/W2254456115","https://openalex.org/W2495682009","https://openalex.org/W3010168086","https://openalex.org/W4200084300","https://openalex.org/W4236309931"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1923069992","https://openalex.org/W2048862765","https://openalex.org/W2160982102","https://openalex.org/W4281943815","https://openalex.org/W2364738582","https://openalex.org/W2793255344","https://openalex.org/W2160932924","https://openalex.org/W2082997813","https://openalex.org/W2946737911","https://openalex.org/W374187531"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"An":[0],"anatomically":[1],"detailed":[2],"3-D":[3],"computer":[4,59],"graphic":[5,60],"model":[6,42],"of":[7,30,53],"the":[8,54],"eye":[9,39,56],"and":[10,49],"surrounding":[11],"face":[12],"within":[13],"a":[14,23,31],"virtual":[15],"environment":[16],"has":[17,43],"been":[18,44],"implemented":[19],"for":[20,38],"use":[21],"in":[22],"surgical":[24],"simulator.":[25],"The":[26,41],"simulator":[27],"forms":[28],"part":[29],"teleoperated":[32],"micro-surgical":[33],"robotic":[34],"system":[35],"being":[36],"developed":[37],"surgery.":[40],"designed":[45],"to":[46],"both":[47],"visually":[48],"mechanically":[50],"simulate":[51],"features":[52],"human":[55],"by":[57],"coupling":[58],"realism":[61],"with":[62],"finite":[63],"element":[64],"analysis.":[65]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}