{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2146842153","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1920261.1920292","title":"Hardware assistance for trustworthy systems through 3-D integration","display_name":"Hardware assistance for trustworthy systems through 3-D integration","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-12-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2146842153","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1920261.1920292","mag":"2146842153"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1920261.1920292","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1920261.1920292","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 26th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087008377","display_name":"Jonathan Valamehr","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan Valamehr","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA","University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, CA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, CA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071185644","display_name":"Mohit Tiwari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1836-3451"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohit Tiwari","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA","University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, CA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, CA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036932071","display_name":"Timothy Sherwood","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6550-6075"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Timothy Sherwood","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA","University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, CA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, CA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000231774","display_name":"Ryan Kastner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9062-5570"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California, San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ryan Kastner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA","University of California; San Diego La Jolla CA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California; San Diego La Jolla CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008897604","display_name":"Ted Huffmire","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35364215","display_name":"Naval Postgraduate School","ror":"https://ror.org/033yfkj90","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I3130687028","https://openalex.org/I35364215"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ted Huffmire","raw_affiliation_strings":["Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35364215"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034772676","display_name":"Cynthia Irvine","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9015-4027"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35364215","display_name":"Naval Postgraduate School","ror":"https://ror.org/033yfkj90","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I3130687028","https://openalex.org/I35364215"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cynthia Irvine","raw_affiliation_strings":["Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35364215"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109234740","display_name":"Timothy E. Levin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35364215","display_name":"Naval Postgraduate School","ror":"https://ror.org/033yfkj90","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I3130687028","https://openalex.org/I35364215"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Timothy Levin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35364215"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087008377"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.7239,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93532995,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"199","last_page":"210"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7607730627059937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.528135359287262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.5111866593360901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cache","display_name":"Cache","score":0.46223148703575134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vendor","display_name":"Vendor","score":0.4319978654384613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trusted-computing","display_name":"Trusted Computing","score":0.42702895402908325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.4224674105644226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shared-resource","display_name":"Shared resource","score":0.4198521375656128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3440595865249634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.33086931705474854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.3012596666812897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.3002324104309082}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7607730627059937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.528135359287262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.5111866593360901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115537543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165596","display_name":"Cache","level":2,"score":0.46223148703575134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777338717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1762621","display_name":"Vendor","level":2,"score":0.4319978654384613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776831232","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q966812","display_name":"Trusted Computing","level":2,"score":0.42702895402908325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.4224674105644226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51332947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172305","display_name":"Shared resource","level":2,"score":0.4198521375656128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3440595865249634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.33086931705474854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.3012596666812897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.3002324104309082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1920261.1920292","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1920261.1920292","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 26th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.185.1887","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.185.1887","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://cisr.nps.edu/downloads/10paper_hw_assist_3d.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.232.4259","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.232.4259","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.ucsb.edu/%7Etiwari/pubs/ACSAC-10-3dsec.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:calhoun.nps.edu:10945/7171","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10945/7171","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400952","display_name":"Calhoun: The Naval Postgraduate School Institutional Archive (Naval Postgraduate School)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I35364215","host_organization_name":"Naval Postgraduate School","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35364215"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference Paper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8793048610","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-0910734","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337388","funder_display_name":"Division of Computer and Network Systems"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337388","display_name":"Division of Computer and Network Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/02rdzmk74"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1592889082","https://openalex.org/W1890449996","https://openalex.org/W2008074667","https://openalex.org/W2012182877","https://openalex.org/W2032241176","https://openalex.org/W2077105843","https://openalex.org/W2100895126","https://openalex.org/W2106358255","https://openalex.org/W2113167168","https://openalex.org/W2122969285","https://openalex.org/W2131862714","https://openalex.org/W2139730616","https://openalex.org/W2143807959","https://openalex.org/W2145547293","https://openalex.org/W2146518537","https://openalex.org/W2146573211","https://openalex.org/W2166293920","https://openalex.org/W2167617421","https://openalex.org/W3024062961","https://openalex.org/W3029601593"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2478661203","https://openalex.org/W2004830053","https://openalex.org/W3008115697","https://openalex.org/W2349167760","https://openalex.org/W2145175947","https://openalex.org/W3124949371","https://openalex.org/W4287864641","https://openalex.org/W2120643196","https://openalex.org/W1567555513","https://openalex.org/W2081416538"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hardware":[0],"resources":[1],"are":[2,24],"abundant;":[3],"state-of-the-art":[4],"processors":[5],"have":[6],"over":[7,33],"one":[8],"billion":[9],"transistors.":[10],"Yet":[11],"for":[12,20,144],"a":[13,27,42,97,113,130,134,156,171,190,217],"variety":[14],"of":[15,29,45,70,88,103,149,230,236],"reasons,":[16],"specialized":[17,150],"hardware":[18],"functions":[19],"high":[21],"assurance":[22],"processing":[23,69],"seldom":[25],"(i.e.,":[26],"couple":[28],"features":[30],"per":[31],"vendor":[32],"twenty":[34],"years)":[35],"integrated":[36,105,115,161],"into":[37],"these":[38],"commodity":[39,104,165],"processors,":[40],"despite":[41],"small":[43],"flurry":[44],"late":[46],"(e.g.,":[47],"ARM":[48],"TrustZone,":[49],"Intel":[50,54,60],"VT-x/VT-d":[51],"and":[52,56,59,85,123,147,239],"AMD-V/AMD-Vi,":[53],"TXT":[55],"AMD":[57],"SVM,":[58],"AES-NI).":[61],"Furthermore,":[62],"as":[63],"chips":[64],"increase":[65,199],"in":[66,110,220,234],"complexity,":[67],"trustworthy":[68],"sensitive":[71],"information":[72],"can":[73,118,198],"become":[74],"increasingly":[75],"difficult":[76],"to":[77,80,99,159,174],"achieve":[78],"due":[79],"extensive":[81],"on-chip":[82],"resource":[83],"sharing":[84],"the":[86,101,145,163,176,204,213,221,228],"lack":[87],"corresponding":[89],"protection":[90],"mechanisms.":[91],"In":[92,189],"this":[93,196],"paper,":[94],"we":[95,193],"introduce":[96,129],"method":[98],"enhance":[100],"security":[102,126,151],"circuits,":[106],"using":[107,133,139,186],"minor":[108],"modifications,":[109],"conjunction":[111],"with":[112,162],"separate":[114,135],"circuit":[116],"that":[117,142,227],"provide":[119],"monitoring,":[120],"access":[121],"control,":[122],"other":[124],"useful":[125],"functions.":[127],"We":[128,168,225],"new":[131],"architecture":[132],"control":[136,184,223],"plane,":[137],"stacked":[138],"3D":[140],"integration,":[141],"allows":[143],"function":[146],"economics":[148],"mechanisms,":[152],"not":[153],"available":[154],"from":[155,212],"co-processor":[157],"alone,":[158],"be":[160],"underlying":[164],"computing":[166],"hardware.":[167],"first":[169],"describe":[170],"general":[172],"methodology":[173],"modify":[175],"host":[177],"computation":[178,214],"plane":[179,185,215],"by":[180,209],"attaching":[181],"an":[182],"optional":[183],"3-D":[187,222],"integration.":[188],"developed":[191],"example":[192,232],"show":[194,226],"how":[195],"approach":[197],"system":[200],"trustworthiness,":[201],"through":[202,216],"mitigating":[203],"cache-based":[205],"side":[206],"channel":[207],"problem":[208],"routing":[210],"signals":[211],"cache":[218],"monitor":[219],"plane.":[224],"overhead":[229],"our":[231],"application,":[233],"terms":[235],"area,":[237],"delay":[238],"performance":[240],"impact,":[241],"is":[242],"negligible.":[243]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}