{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1971076359","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1897816.1897847","title":"10 scientific problems in virtual reality","display_name":"10 scientific problems in virtual reality","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1971076359","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1897816.1897847","mag":"1971076359"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1897816.1897847","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1897816.1897847","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103482838","display_name":"Communications of the ACM","issn_l":"0001-0782","issn":["0001-0782","1557-7317"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100365836","display_name":"Qinping Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5600-5300"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qinping Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beihang University, Beijing, China","BeiHang University, BeiJing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"BeiHang University, BeiJing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100365836"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.6492,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89919028,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"54","issue":"2","first_page":"116","last_page":"118"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10888","display_name":"Augmented Reality Applications","score":0.9890000224113464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11687","display_name":"Teleoperation and Haptic Systems","score":0.9865000247955322,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.6558534502983093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/government","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","score":0.5558760166168213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.45983073115348816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entertainment","display_name":"Entertainment","score":0.42799919843673706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/library-science","display_name":"Library science","score":0.3731786608695984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.36648499965667725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.3055439591407776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.291635125875473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1737518608570099}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.6558534502983093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5558760166168213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.45983073115348816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512170562","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173799","display_name":"Entertainment","level":2,"score":0.42799919843673706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161191863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199655","display_name":"Library science","level":1,"score":0.3731786608695984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.36648499965667725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3055439591407776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.291635125875473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1737518608570099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1897816.1897847","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1897816.1897847","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103482838","display_name":"Communications of the ACM","issn_l":"0001-0782","issn":["0001-0782","1557-7317"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6299999952316284}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1528045197","https://openalex.org/W1772286420","https://openalex.org/W2083464696","https://openalex.org/W2121355015","https://openalex.org/W2142111986","https://openalex.org/W2172146914"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W5474427","https://openalex.org/W2472645085","https://openalex.org/W2364043378","https://openalex.org/W2621650471","https://openalex.org/W2284468361","https://openalex.org/W2028797612","https://openalex.org/W2354346496","https://openalex.org/W2379419241","https://openalex.org/W2009923077","https://openalex.org/W3036299817"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Virtual":[0,88,289],"Reality":[1,89,290],"was":[2],"one":[3],"of":[4,26,87,119,139,190,252,262,265,268,288,294,378,427],"the":[5,15,22,96,124,146,155,174,249,260,284,353,363,424],"14":[6,151],"Grand":[7,152],"Challenges":[8,153],"identified":[9],"as":[10,67,74,78,99,185,196],"awaiting":[11],"engineering":[12,60],"solutions":[13],"for":[14,163,201,233,331,338,374,418],"21st":[16],"century":[17],"announced":[18],"in":[19,54,71,80,117,224,229,240,254,270,276,297,313,407,416],"2008":[20,354],"by":[21],"U.S.":[23],"National":[24],"Academy":[25,267],"Engineering":[27,150],"(NAE":[28],"http://www.nae.edu/).":[29],"Here,":[30],"I":[31,281],"explore":[32],"10":[33],"related":[34,408],"open":[35],"VR":[36,45,49,111,131,184,192,327,349],"challenges,":[37],"with":[38,145,384],"hoped-for":[39],"potential":[40],"breakthroughs":[41,415],"promising":[42],"to":[43,212,394],"advance":[44],"techniques":[46],"and":[47,62,76,112,121,128,141,165,168,173,205,217,226,236,246,259,292,311,319,321,336,362,399],"applications.":[48,219],"is":[50,132],"today":[51],"being":[52],"applied":[53],"multiple":[55],"contexts,":[56],"including":[57,324,352],"training,":[58],"exercise,":[59],"design,":[61],"entertainment,":[63],"while":[64,130],"also":[65,369],"serving":[66],"a":[68,101,136,186,371,375],"research":[69,199,206],"tool":[70],"such":[72],"fields":[73,115],"neuroscience":[75],"psychology,":[77],"explored":[79],"Michael":[81],"Heim's":[82],"pioneering":[83],"1993":[84],"book":[85],"Metaphysics":[86],"(http://www.mheim.com/books.html).":[90],"More":[91],"recently,":[92],"scholars":[93],"have":[94,282,306],"described":[95],"Internet":[97],"itself":[98],"representing":[100],"virtual":[102,315,333],"world":[103],"modeling":[104,235,318],"its":[105,113],"real-world":[106],"counterpart.":[107],"The":[108],"relationship":[109,125],"between":[110,126],"application":[114,350],"is,":[116],"terms":[118],"expression":[120],"validation,":[122],"like":[123],"mathematics":[127],"physics,":[129],"attracting":[133],"attention":[134],"from":[135,209],"growing":[137],"number":[138],"governments":[140],"science/engineering":[142],"communities.":[143],"Along":[144],"NAE":[147],"Committee":[148],"on":[149,243,300,390],"(http://www.engineeringchallenges.org/),":[154],"Chinese":[156,203,266],"government's":[157,176],"2006":[158],"report":[159,178],"Development":[160,170],"Plan":[161],"Outline":[162],"Medium-":[164],"Long-Term":[166],"Science":[167],"Technology":[169,253,264,291],"(2006--2020)":[171],"(http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2006-02/09/content_183787.htm)":[172],"Japanese":[175],"2007":[177],"Innovation":[179],"2025":[180],"(http://www.cao.go.jp/innovation/index.html)":[181],"both":[182],"included":[183],"priority":[187],"technology":[188,213],"worthy":[189],"development.":[191],"has":[193,272,345],"likewise":[194],"emerged":[195],"an":[197],"important":[198],"area":[200],"many":[202,308],"universities":[204],"institutes,":[207],"ranging":[208],"theoretical":[210],"foundations":[211],"innovation,":[214],"system":[215,373],"development,":[216],"practical":[218],"For":[220],"example,":[221,419],"Zhejiang":[222],"University":[223,228,239],"Hangzhou":[225],"Tsinghua":[227],"Beijing":[230,241,250,255,271,355,364],"are":[231],"known":[232],"realistic":[234,317],"rendering;":[237],"Peking":[238],"focuses":[242],"computer":[244],"vision":[245],"human-machine":[247],"interaction;":[248],"Institute":[251,261],"emphasizes":[256],"head-mounted":[257],"displays;":[258],"Computing":[263],"Sciences":[269],"made":[273],"significant":[274],"progress":[275],"crowd":[277],"simulation.":[278],"Since":[279],"1995,":[280],"directed":[283],"State":[285],"Key":[286],"Laboratory":[287],"Systems":[293],"China":[295],"(http://www.skvrlab.net)":[296],"Beijing,":[298],"focusing":[299],"VR.":[301],"Over":[302],"that":[303],"time,":[304],"we":[305],"proposed":[307],"new":[309],"methods":[310],"technologies":[312,393],"distributed":[314,332],"environments,":[316],"rendering,":[320],"augmented":[322],"reality,":[323],"two":[325],"major":[326],"software":[328],"infrastructures:":[329],"BH_RTI":[330],"environments":[334],"(http://www.hlarti.com)":[335],"BH_GRAPH":[337],"real-time":[339],"3D":[340],"rendering":[341],"(http://www.skvrlab.net:8080/soft).":[342],"This":[343],"work":[344,404],"produced":[346],"several":[347],"influential":[348],"systems,":[351],"Olympic":[356],"Games":[357],"Opening":[358],"Ceremony":[359],"Simulation":[360],"Platform":[361],"08":[365],"Digital":[366],"Museum.":[367],"We":[368],"designed":[370],"training-and-scenario-simulation":[372],"military":[376],"review":[377],"China's":[379],"2009":[380],"60th":[381],"anniversary":[382],"celebration,":[383],"more":[385],"than":[386],"8,000":[387],"soldiers,":[388],"based":[389],"visualized":[391],"immersion":[392],"deliver":[395],"scenario":[396],"preview,":[397],"modification,":[398],"decision-making":[400],"functions.":[401],"Meanwhile,":[402],"our":[403],"advancing":[405],"theory":[406],"fundamental":[409],"disciplines":[410],"may":[411],"help":[412],"produce":[413],"further":[414],"VR;":[417],"electrorheological":[420],"fluids":[421],"could":[422],"change":[423],"existing":[425],"method":[426],"haptic":[428],"rendering.":[429]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}