{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2009063162","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1897816.1897844","title":"DRAM errors in the wild","display_name":"DRAM errors in the wild","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2009063162","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1897816.1897844","mag":"2009063162"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1897816.1897844","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1897816.1897844","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103482838","display_name":"Communications of the ACM","issn_l":"0001-0782","issn":["0001-0782","1557-7317"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040893798","display_name":"Bianca Schroeder","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3289-1824"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bianca Schroeder","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018328248","display_name":"Eduardo Pinheiro","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eduardo Pinheiro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Inc., Mountain View, CA","Google Inc., Mountain View, CA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Inc., Mountain View, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Inc., Mountain View, CA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109806863","display_name":"Wolf-Dietrich Weber","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wolf-Dietrich Weber","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Inc., Mountain View, CA","Google Inc., Mountain View, CA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Inc., Mountain View, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Inc., Mountain View, CA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.7576,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":100,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97024187,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"54","issue":"2","first_page":"100","last_page":"107"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11005","display_name":"Radiation Effects in Electronics","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11005","display_name":"Radiation Effects in Electronics","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10472","display_name":"Semiconductor materials and devices","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10558","display_name":"Advancements in Semiconductor Devices and Circuit Design","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dram","display_name":"Dram","score":0.94358229637146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7272006273269653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/universal-memory","display_name":"Universal memory","score":0.5574514865875244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-random-access-memory","display_name":"Dynamic random-access memory","score":0.5371494889259338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soft-error","display_name":"Soft error","score":0.5165387988090515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.44638770818710327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-errors","display_name":"Memory errors","score":0.42387694120407104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/error-detection-and-correction","display_name":"Error detection and correction","score":0.4230611026287079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.42113935947418213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.36693239212036133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.32759058475494385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-management","display_name":"Memory management","score":0.30652907490730286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semiconductor-memory","display_name":"Semiconductor memory","score":0.23128819465637207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interleaved-memory","display_name":"Interleaved memory","score":0.23015376925468445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.2257208228111267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.15331271290779114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09361279010772705}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7366592","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1255620","display_name":"Dram","level":2,"score":0.94358229637146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7272006273269653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195053848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7894141","display_name":"Universal memory","level":5,"score":0.5574514865875244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118702147","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189396","display_name":"Dynamic random-access memory","level":3,"score":0.5371494889259338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154474529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1658917","display_name":"Soft error","level":2,"score":0.5165387988090515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.44638770818710327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119907115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6815725","display_name":"Memory errors","level":3,"score":0.42387694120407104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103088060","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062839","display_name":"Error detection and correction","level":2,"score":0.4230611026287079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.42113935947418213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.36693239212036133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.32759058475494385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176649486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2308807","display_name":"Memory management","level":3,"score":0.30652907490730286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98986596","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143031","display_name":"Semiconductor memory","level":2,"score":0.23128819465637207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63511323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q908936","display_name":"Interleaved memory","level":4,"score":0.23015376925468445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.2257208228111267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.15331271290779114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09361279010772705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100660578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18733","display_name":"Recall","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1897816.1897844","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1897816.1897844","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103482838","display_name":"Communications of the ACM","issn_l":"0001-0782","issn":["0001-0782","1557-7317"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1558516248","https://openalex.org/W2021548867","https://openalex.org/W2023014860","https://openalex.org/W2023856022","https://openalex.org/W2025474944","https://openalex.org/W2074673023","https://openalex.org/W2116097016","https://openalex.org/W2117844544","https://openalex.org/W2118033476","https://openalex.org/W2119435553","https://openalex.org/W2122249806","https://openalex.org/W2127745296","https://openalex.org/W2140631135","https://openalex.org/W2140958850","https://openalex.org/W2152652532","https://openalex.org/W2153254331","https://openalex.org/W2159519391","https://openalex.org/W2161234420","https://openalex.org/W2162457113","https://openalex.org/W2624304035","https://openalex.org/W6677279083"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1970350948","https://openalex.org/W2070259460","https://openalex.org/W1965869623","https://openalex.org/W2000563648","https://openalex.org/W2161895684","https://openalex.org/W99133382","https://openalex.org/W1991333076","https://openalex.org/W2167200107","https://openalex.org/W2138596439","https://openalex.org/W2110926509"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Errors":[0],"in":[1,14,22,40,51,64,116,154,158,239,250],"dynamic":[2],"random":[3],"access":[4],"memory":[5,62,94,114,143,207],"(DRAM)":[6],"are":[7,19,113,119,124,174,209],"a":[8,32,65,72,243],"common":[9,112],"form":[10],"of":[11,24,35,61,68,74,91,100,176,195,273],"hardware":[12,25],"failure":[13],"modern":[15],"compute":[16],"clusters.":[17,54],"Failures":[18],"costly":[20],"both":[21],"terms":[23],"replacement":[26],"costs":[27],"and":[28,85,87,133,135,145,191],"service":[29],"disruption.":[30],"While":[31],"large":[33,52,66],"body":[34],"work":[36,220],"exists":[37],"on":[38,47,247],"DRAM":[39,49,83,151,170],"laboratory":[41],"conditions,":[42,241],"little":[43],"has":[44,242],"been":[45],"reported":[46],"real":[48],"failures":[50],"production":[53],"In":[55],"this":[56,101],"paper,":[57],"we":[58,168,264],"analyze":[59],"measurements":[60],"errors":[63,115,184,199,208],"fleet":[67],"commodity":[69],"servers":[70],"over":[71],"period":[73],"2.5":[75],"years.":[76],"The":[77,98],"collected":[78],"data":[79],"covers":[80],"multiple":[81],"vendors,":[82],"capacities":[84],"technologies,":[86],"comprises":[88],"many":[89,159],"millions":[90],"dual":[92],"in-line":[93],"module":[95],"(DIMM)":[96],"days.":[97],"goal":[99],"paper":[102],"is":[103],"to":[104,222,233],"answer":[105],"questions":[106],"such":[107,130,139],"as":[108,131,140],"the":[109,155,224,251],"following:":[110],"How":[111,123],"practice?":[117],"What":[118],"their":[120],"statistical":[121],"properties?":[122],"they":[125],"affected":[126,197],"by":[127,136,198,211],"external":[128],"factors,":[129,138],"temperature":[132],"utilization,":[134],"chip-specific":[137],"chip":[141],"density,":[142],"technology,":[144],"DIMM":[146,236],"age?":[147],"We":[148,202,228],"find":[149,229],"that":[150,173,206,230,270],"error":[152,171,226,237,248,277],"behavior":[153,249],"field":[156],"differs":[157],"key":[160],"aspects":[161],"from":[162],"commonly":[163,262],"held":[164],"assumptions.":[165],"For":[166],"example,":[167],"observe":[169,267],"rates":[172,238],"orders":[175],"magnitude":[177],"higher":[178],"than":[179,193,215],"previously":[180],"reported,":[181],"with":[182],"25,000--70,000":[183],"per":[185,189,200],"billion":[186],"device":[187],"hours":[188],"Mb":[190],"more":[192],"8%":[194],"DIMMs":[196,274],"year.":[201],"provide":[203],"strong":[204],"evidence":[205],"dominated":[210],"hard":[212],"errors,":[213,217],"rather":[214],"soft":[216],"which":[218],"previous":[219],"suspects":[221],"be":[223],"dominant":[225],"mode.":[227],"temperature,":[231],"known":[232],"strongly":[234],"impact":[235],"lab":[240],"surprisingly":[244],"small":[245],"effect":[246],"field,":[252],"when":[253],"taking":[254],"all":[255],"other":[256],"factors":[257],"into":[258],"account.":[259],"Finally,":[260],"unlike":[261],"feared,":[263],"do":[265],"not":[266],"any":[268],"indication":[269],"newer":[271],"generations":[272],"have":[275],"worse":[276],"behavior.":[278]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
