{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2152361837","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1878431.1878437","title":"Contactless sensing of appliance state transitions through variations in electromagnetic fields","display_name":"Contactless sensing of appliance state transitions through variations in electromagnetic fields","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-11-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2152361837","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1878431.1878437","mag":"2152361837"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1878431.1878437","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1878431.1878437","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2nd ACM Workshop on Embedded Sensing Systems for Energy-Efficiency in Building","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056379112","display_name":"Anthony Rowe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2332-9450"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anthony Rowe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064458775","display_name":"Mario Berg\u00e9s","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2948-9236"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mario Berges","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101798262","display_name":"Raj Rajkumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0983-7259"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raj Rajkumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056379112"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.5238,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":70,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97955881,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"19","last_page":"24"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12146","display_name":"Power Line Communications and Noise","score":0.9790999889373779,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9706000089645386,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","score":0.6586660146713257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.6425926089286804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.617024838924408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.5916981101036072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5860308408737183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microcontroller","display_name":"Microcontroller","score":0.5859644412994385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.5324960947036743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.5224429965019226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.515240490436554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.5011591911315918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.49316686391830444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.4633505940437317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4418879747390747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity-meter","display_name":"Electricity meter","score":0.4349616467952728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-harvesting","display_name":"Energy harvesting","score":0.43058478832244873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metering-mode","display_name":"Metering mode","score":0.41908156871795654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.35453715920448303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3253662586212158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3169557452201843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.12817081809043884}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555008776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","level":3,"score":0.6586660146713257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.6425926089286804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.617024838924408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.5916981101036072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5860308408737183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173018170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165678","display_name":"Microcontroller","level":2,"score":0.5859644412994385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.5324960947036743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.5224429965019226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.515240490436554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5011591911315918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.49316686391830444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4633505940437317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4418879747390747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67172668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622756","display_name":"Electricity meter","level":3,"score":0.4349616467952728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101518730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q930236","display_name":"Energy harvesting","level":3,"score":0.43058478832244873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30905978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815598","display_name":"Metering mode","level":2,"score":0.41908156871795654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.35453715920448303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3253662586212158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3169557452201843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.12817081809043884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1878431.1878437","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1878431.1878437","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2nd ACM Workshop on Embedded Sensing Systems for Energy-Efficiency in Building","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.208.4049","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.208.4049","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.ece.cmu.edu/%7Eagr/pubpg/buildsys-10.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9100000262260437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2045247177","https://openalex.org/W2092509086","https://openalex.org/W2100421988","https://openalex.org/W2123910460","https://openalex.org/W2125528791","https://openalex.org/W2154224206"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2384104878","https://openalex.org/W2360352189","https://openalex.org/W2054457760","https://openalex.org/W2359630406","https://openalex.org/W2289935687","https://openalex.org/W2914461365","https://openalex.org/W2034434590","https://openalex.org/W2382973115","https://openalex.org/W2353890496","https://openalex.org/W4379377656"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Non-Intrusive":[0],"Load":[1],"Monitoring":[2],"(NILM)":[3],"is":[4,25,173],"a":[5,30,76,117,151,181],"promising":[6],"technique":[7],"for":[8],"disaggregating":[9],"per-appliance":[10],"energy":[11,78,103],"consumption":[12],"in":[13,141],"buildings":[14],"from":[15,92,116,170,180],"aggregate":[16,94],"voltage/current":[17],"measurements.":[18],"One":[19],"major":[20],"limitation":[21],"of":[22,143,153],"the":[23,93,101],"approach":[24],"that":[26,53,165],"it":[27,122],"typically":[28],"requires":[29],"training":[31],"phase":[32],"during":[33],"which":[34,80],"users":[35],"must":[36],"manually":[37],"label":[38,86],"device":[39],"transitions.":[40],"In":[41],"this":[42],"paper,":[43],"we":[44],"present":[45],"an":[46],"inexpensive":[47],"contactless":[48],"electromagnetic":[49],"field":[50,67],"(EMF)":[51],"event-detector":[52],"can":[54,81],"detect":[55,111],"appliance":[56,89],"state":[57,73,114],"changes":[58,74,115],"within":[59],"close":[60],"proximity":[61],"based":[62],"on":[63,150],"magnetic":[64],"and":[65,87,147],"electric":[66],"fluctuations.":[68],"Each":[69],"detector":[70],"wirelessly":[71],"transmits":[72],"to":[75,85,99,110,124,129,155],"circuit-panel":[77],"meter,":[79],"then":[82],"be":[83],"used":[84],"disambiguate":[88],"transitions":[90],"detected":[91],"signals":[95],"as":[96,98],"well":[97],"track":[100],"associated":[102],"consumption.":[104],"Our":[105],"EMF":[106,139],"sensors":[107],"are":[108],"able":[109],"significant":[112],"power":[113,144],"few":[118],"inches":[119],"away":[120,172],"making":[121],"possible":[123,174],"externally":[125],"monitor":[126],"in-wall":[127],"wiring":[128],"devices":[130],"(e.g.,":[131],"overhead":[132],"lights).":[133],"We":[134,163],"experimentally":[135],"evaluate":[136],"our":[137],"proposed":[138],"sensor":[140],"terms":[142],"consumption,":[145],"accuracy":[146],"detection":[148],"range":[149],"variety":[152],"appliances":[154],"demonstrate":[156],"its":[157],"effectiveness":[158],"towards":[159],"augmenting":[160],"NILM":[161],"systems.":[162],"show":[164],"accurately":[166],"detecting":[167],"100W":[168],"loads":[169],"10cm":[171],"while":[175],"maintaining":[176],"multiple-year":[177],"battery":[178],"life":[179],"coin-cell":[182],"battery.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":13}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}