{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2152697258","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1866307.1866369","title":"Platform-independent programs","display_name":"Platform-independent programs","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-10-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2152697258","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1866307.1866369","mag":"2152697258"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1866307.1866369","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1866307.1866369","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 17th ACM conference on Computer and communications security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031854438","display_name":"Sang Kil","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6012-7228"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sang Kil Cha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068102604","display_name":"Brian Pak","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian Pak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016565332","display_name":"David Brumley","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Brumley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109812838","display_name":"Richard J. Lipton","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard Jay Lipton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5031854438"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6767,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71844044,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"547","last_page":"558"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8583241701126099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/x86","display_name":"x86","score":0.7513476610183716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.6382951140403748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/string","display_name":"String (physics)","score":0.61992347240448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.4060118794441223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.3975212872028351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.3854975700378418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3323671221733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.32994115352630615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.21209189295768738}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8583241701126099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170723468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182933","display_name":"x86","level":3,"score":0.7513476610183716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.6382951140403748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157486923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1376436","display_name":"String (physics)","level":2,"score":0.61992347240448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.4060118794441223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.3975212872028351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.3854975700378418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3323671221733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.32994115352630615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.21209189295768738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1866307.1866369","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1866307.1866369","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 17th ACM conference on Computer and communications security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.678.7408","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.678.7408","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://users.ece.cmu.edu/%7Edbrumley/pdf/Cha+et+al._2010_Platform-Independent+Programs.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5299999713897705,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W20260588","https://openalex.org/W1494199306","https://openalex.org/W1509130105","https://openalex.org/W1527181506","https://openalex.org/W1568194905","https://openalex.org/W1754317906","https://openalex.org/W1878907771","https://openalex.org/W1879312793","https://openalex.org/W1993694077","https://openalex.org/W2112139527","https://openalex.org/W2122177035","https://openalex.org/W2150023094","https://openalex.org/W2162800072","https://openalex.org/W2295386615","https://openalex.org/W2339669378","https://openalex.org/W3044736293","https://openalex.org/W4249245425","https://openalex.org/W6830692397"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4254787146","https://openalex.org/W2390939225","https://openalex.org/W2348052088","https://openalex.org/W2253836836","https://openalex.org/W2253672926","https://openalex.org/W4205281737","https://openalex.org/W1992604140","https://openalex.org/W2390719859","https://openalex.org/W2888337026","https://openalex.org/W2178043964"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Given":[0],"a":[1,43,52,76,79,90,105,122],"single":[2,44,53],"program":[3,28,54,86,91],"(i.e.,":[4],"bit":[5],"string),":[6],"one":[7],"may":[8],"assume":[9],"that":[10,30,39,49,56,84,110],"the":[11,20,27,37,98],"program's":[12],"behaviors":[13,67],"can":[14],"be":[15,94],"determined":[16],"by":[17,46],"first":[18],"identifying":[19],"native":[21],"runtime":[22],"architecture":[23,45,71],"and":[24,62,131],"then":[25],"executing":[26],"on":[29,42,59,89],"architecture.":[31,100],"In":[32,114],"this":[33],"paper,":[34],"we":[35,120],"challenge":[36],"notion":[38],"programs":[40,127],"run":[41],"developing":[47],"techniques":[48,102],"automatically":[50],"create":[51],"string":[55],"a)":[57],"runs":[58,73],"different":[60,66],"architectures,":[61],"b)":[63],"potentially":[64],"has":[65],"depending":[68],"upon":[69],"which":[70],"it":[72],"on.":[74],"At":[75],"high":[77],"level,":[78],"primary":[80],"security":[81],"implication":[82],"is":[83],"any":[85],"analysis":[87],"done":[88],"must":[92],"only":[93],"considered":[95],"valid":[96],"for":[97,124,128],"assumed":[99],"Our":[101],"also":[103],"introduce":[104],"new":[106],"type":[107],"of":[108],"steganography":[109],"hides":[111],"execution":[112],"behaviors.":[113],"order":[115],"to":[116,137],"demonstrate":[117],"our":[118,135],"techniques,":[119],"implement":[121],"system":[123,136],"generating":[125],"platform-independent":[126,140],"x86,":[129],"ARM,":[130],"MIPS.":[132],"We":[133],"use":[134],"generate":[138],"real":[139],"programs.":[141]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
