{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2027729696","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1864349.1864385","title":"A grid-based algorithm for on-device GSM positioning","display_name":"A grid-based algorithm for on-device GSM positioning","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-09-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2027729696","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1864349.1864385","mag":"2027729696"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1864349.1864385","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1864349.1864385","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 12th ACM international conference on Ubiquitous computing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066542585","display_name":"Petteri Nurmi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8262-6434"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133731052","display_name":"University of Helsinki","ror":"https://ror.org/040af2s02","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Petteri Nurmi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087701164","display_name":"Sourav Bhattacharya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9670-5264"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133731052","display_name":"University of Helsinki","ror":"https://ror.org/040af2s02","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sourav Bhattacharya","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070686482","display_name":"Joonas Kukkonen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133731052","display_name":"University of Helsinki","ror":"https://ror.org/040af2s02","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joonas Kukkonen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"227","last_page":"236"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12801","display_name":"Bluetooth and Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9858999848365784,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9824000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7597163319587708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gsm","display_name":"GSM","score":0.7073010206222534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.6237992644309998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.6216972470283508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.5576422810554504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/centroid","display_name":"Centroid","score":0.5554644465446472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-device","display_name":"Mobile device","score":0.5286539196968079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian","display_name":"Gaussian","score":0.5236601233482361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.5029043555259705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4805736541748047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm-design","display_name":"Algorithm design","score":0.41137203574180603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.15916305780410767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1273232400417328}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7597163319587708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59201141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46904","display_name":"GSM","level":2,"score":0.7073010206222534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.6237992644309998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.6216972470283508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.5576422810554504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146599234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q511093","display_name":"Centroid","level":2,"score":0.5554644465446472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.5286539196968079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.5236601233482361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.5029043555259705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4805736541748047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106516650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm design","level":2,"score":0.41137203574180603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.15916305780410767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1273232400417328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1864349.1864385","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1864349.1864385","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 12th ACM international conference on Ubiquitous computing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.421.9110","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.421.9110","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.helsinki.fi/u/ptnurmi/papers/ubicomp375-nurmi.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1598464535","https://openalex.org/W1608826770","https://openalex.org/W1790231888","https://openalex.org/W1809001740","https://openalex.org/W1944600025","https://openalex.org/W2033593649","https://openalex.org/W2062506051","https://openalex.org/W2105243443","https://openalex.org/W2116475424","https://openalex.org/W2121868539","https://openalex.org/W2127493239","https://openalex.org/W2128051927","https://openalex.org/W2129857356","https://openalex.org/W2131271719","https://openalex.org/W2132110947","https://openalex.org/W2135394914","https://openalex.org/W2142136129","https://openalex.org/W2142908542","https://openalex.org/W2160584648","https://openalex.org/W2167387227","https://openalex.org/W2169582170","https://openalex.org/W2171805028","https://openalex.org/W2470235696","https://openalex.org/W2999905431","https://openalex.org/W4242073862"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2381926679","https://openalex.org/W2007009951","https://openalex.org/W2082644203","https://openalex.org/W3165040664","https://openalex.org/W2350539780","https://openalex.org/W3122652148","https://openalex.org/W1583866266","https://openalex.org/W4242386713","https://openalex.org/W2996505764","https://openalex.org/W2155362914"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,67],"propose":[1],"a":[2,35,64,86],"grid-based":[3],"GSM":[4],"positioning":[5,47,71],"algorithm":[6,16,38,72,84],"that":[7,52,97],"can":[8,53],"be":[9,54],"deployed":[10],"entirely":[11],"on":[12,63,73],"mobile":[13,65],"devices.":[14],"The":[15,94],"uses":[17],"Gaussian":[18],"distributions":[19],"to":[20,44,56,105],"model":[21],"signal":[22],"intensity":[23],"variations":[24],"within":[25],"each":[26],"grid":[27],"cell.":[28],"Position":[29],"estimates":[30],"are":[31],"calculated":[32],"by":[33],"combining":[34],"probabilistic":[36],"centroid":[37],"with":[39],"particle":[40],"filtering.":[41],"In":[42],"addition":[43],"presenting":[45],"the":[46,70,83,98,110],"algorithm,":[48],"we":[49,81],"describe":[50],"methods":[51],"used":[55],"create,":[57],"update":[58],"and":[59,76,80,90],"maintain":[60],"radio":[61],"maps":[62],"device.":[66],"have":[68],"implemented":[69],"Nokia":[74,77],"S60":[75],"N900":[78],"devices":[79],"evaluate":[82],"using":[85],"combination":[87],"of":[88,100],"offline":[89],"real":[91],"world":[92],"tests.":[93],"results":[95],"indicate":[96],"accuracy":[99],"our":[101],"method":[102],"is":[103],"comparable":[104],"state-of-the-art":[106],"methods,":[107],"while":[108],"at":[109],"same":[111],"time":[112],"having":[113],"significantly":[114],"smaller":[115],"storage":[116],"requirements.":[117]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}