{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2132763546","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1835698.1835799","title":"Optimal gradient clock synchronization in dynamic networks","display_name":"Optimal gradient clock synchronization in dynamic networks","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-07-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2132763546","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1835698.1835799","mag":"2132763546"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1835698.1835799","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1835698.1835799","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 29th ACM SIGACT-SIGOPS symposium on Principles of distributed computing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023808567","display_name":"Fabian K\u00fchn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1025-5037"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57201433","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera italiana","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4atk17","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57201433"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fabian Kuhn","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Lugano, Lugano, Switzerland","University Of Lugano, Lugano, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Lugano, Lugano, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57201433"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Of Lugano, Lugano, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57201433"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006005471","display_name":"Christoph Lenzen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3290-0674"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christoph Lenzen","raw_affiliation_strings":["ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071703563","display_name":"Thomas Locher","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126328","display_name":"IBM Research - Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/02js37d36","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115","https://openalex.org/I4210126328"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["CH","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Locher","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research, Rueschlikon, Switzerland","IBM Research, Rueschlikon, Switzerland#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Rueschlikon, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126328"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Rueschlikon, Switzerland#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083335403","display_name":"Rotem Oshman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5065-5557"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rotem Oshman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusettes Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","Massachusettes Institute of Technology,, CAMBRIDGE, MA, USA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusettes Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusettes Institute of Technology,, CAMBRIDGE, MA, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023808567"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57201433"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.9506,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96540205,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"430","last_page":"439"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12216","display_name":"Network Time Synchronization Technologies","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12216","display_name":"Network Time Synchronization Technologies","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9800999760627747,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10829","display_name":"Interconnection Networks and Systems","score":0.9605000019073486,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clock-synchronization","display_name":"Clock synchronization","score":0.882595956325531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clock-drift","display_name":"Clock drift","score":0.8486624360084534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vector-clock","display_name":"Vector clock","score":0.7633239030838013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synchronization","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","score":0.748562216758728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.697472095489502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.6105865836143494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-clocking-signal","display_name":"Self-clocking signal","score":0.5392645001411438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-clock-manager","display_name":"Digital clock manager","score":0.5319511890411377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clock-domain-crossing","display_name":"Clock domain crossing","score":0.48914316296577454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synchronization-networks","display_name":"Synchronization networks","score":0.4746873080730438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clock-network","display_name":"Clock network","score":0.46206554770469666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/master-clock","display_name":"Master clock","score":0.4419712424278259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.4379807710647583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clock-skew","display_name":"Clock skew","score":0.4329102635383606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4302735924720764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3483039140701294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.34685084223747253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clock-signal","display_name":"Clock signal","score":0.13410696387290955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synchronous-circuit","display_name":"Synchronous circuit","score":0.12795045971870422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10517683625221252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.09454989433288574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jitter","display_name":"Jitter","score":0.08775869011878967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.08334770798683167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.06901577115058899}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129891060","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1513059","display_name":"Clock synchronization","level":4,"score":0.882595956325531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155837451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069144","display_name":"Clock drift","level":5,"score":0.8486624360084534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52563298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1413349","display_name":"Vector clock","level":5,"score":0.7633239030838013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778562939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1298791","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","level":3,"score":0.748562216758728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.697472095489502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.6105865836143494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171051901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2389679","display_name":"Self-clocking signal","level":5,"score":0.5392645001411438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113074038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5276052","display_name":"Digital clock manager","level":5,"score":0.5319511890411377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127204226","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5134799","display_name":"Clock domain crossing","level":5,"score":0.48914316296577454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111097370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10969923","display_name":"Synchronization networks","level":4,"score":0.4746873080730438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778182565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1752879","display_name":"Clock network","level":5,"score":0.46206554770469666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65595194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1000863","display_name":"Master clock","level":4,"score":0.4419712424278259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.4379807710647583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60501442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4382014","display_name":"Clock skew","level":4,"score":0.4329102635383606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4302735924720764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3483039140701294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.34685084223747253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137059387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q426882","display_name":"Clock signal","level":3,"score":0.13410696387290955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42196554","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1186179","display_name":"Synchronous circuit","level":4,"score":0.12795045971870422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10517683625221252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09454989433288574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134652429","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1052698","display_name":"Jitter","level":2,"score":0.08775869011878967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.08334770798683167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.06901577115058899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1835698.1835799","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1835698.1835799","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 29th ACM SIGACT-SIGOPS symposium on Principles of distributed computing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1497028507","https://openalex.org/W1517163994","https://openalex.org/W1576764966","https://openalex.org/W1886613530","https://openalex.org/W1969360009","https://openalex.org/W1984014506","https://openalex.org/W1992874778","https://openalex.org/W1995261392","https://openalex.org/W2009428216","https://openalex.org/W2027570003","https://openalex.org/W2034702409","https://openalex.org/W2035918100","https://openalex.org/W2038467333","https://openalex.org/W2038591001","https://openalex.org/W2039856994","https://openalex.org/W2078209861","https://openalex.org/W2095343473","https://openalex.org/W2118891797","https://openalex.org/W2132763546","https://openalex.org/W2143229717","https://openalex.org/W2143450555","https://openalex.org/W2160433996","https://openalex.org/W2646303175","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2006392656","https://openalex.org/W2617460149","https://openalex.org/W1924044602","https://openalex.org/W2083095101","https://openalex.org/W2355998924","https://openalex.org/W2789675190","https://openalex.org/W2363416952","https://openalex.org/W1988298462","https://openalex.org/W2801120868","https://openalex.org/W2044562574"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"study":[1],"the":[2,24,32,35,45,52,77,98],"problem":[3],"of":[4,34,55,80],"clock":[5,53,71,115],"synchronization":[6],"in":[7,23,63,97],"highly":[8],"dynamic":[9],"networks,":[10],"where":[11],"communication":[12],"links":[13],"can":[14,38,49],"appear":[15],"or":[16],"disappear":[17],"at":[18,72],"any":[19,81],"time.":[20],"The":[21],"nodes":[22,48,57,83,90],"network":[25,99],"are":[26,58,84,104],"equipped":[27],"with":[28],"hardware":[29,36],"clocks,":[30],"but":[31],"rate":[33],"clocks":[37,79],"vary":[39],"arbitrarily":[40],"within":[41],"specific":[42],"bounds,":[43],"and":[44,89],"estimates":[46],"that":[47,76,91],"obtain":[50],"about":[51],"values":[54],"other":[56,96],"inherently":[59],"inaccurate.":[60],"Our":[61],"goal":[62],"this":[64],"setting":[65],"is":[66,112],"to":[67,94],"output":[68],"a":[69,101],"logical":[70,78],"each":[73,95],"node,":[74],"such":[75],"two":[82],"not":[85],"too":[86],"far":[87],"apart,":[88],"remain":[92],"close":[93],"for":[100],"long":[102],"time":[103],"better":[105],"synchronized":[106],"than":[107],"distant":[108],"nodes.":[109],"This":[110],"property":[111],"called":[113],"gradient":[114],"synchronization.":[116]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}