{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1973924171","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1824760.1824761","title":"Extracting and answering why and why not questions about Java program output","display_name":"Extracting and answering why and why not questions about Java program output","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1973924171","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1824760.1824761","mag":"1973924171"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1824760.1824761","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1824760.1824761","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037160778","display_name":"Amy J. Ko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7461-4783"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amy J. Ko","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington, Seattle, Seattle, WA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington, Seattle, Seattle, WA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005887313","display_name":"Brad A. Myers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4769-0219"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brad A. Myers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA","Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.077,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96712518,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"36"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/debugging","display_name":"Debugging","score":0.9118295311927795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8941130638122559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/program-slicing","display_name":"Program slicing","score":0.7943928837776184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.712965190410614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithmic-program-debugging","display_name":"Algorithmic program debugging","score":0.6072010397911072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/java","display_name":"Java","score":0.5748113393783569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reachability","display_name":"Reachability","score":0.530056893825531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.5165244936943054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.47160252928733826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/slicing","display_name":"Slicing","score":0.46297141909599304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4228783845901489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/program-comprehension","display_name":"Program comprehension","score":0.42056822776794434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.40294724702835083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-system","display_name":"Software system","score":0.23781129717826843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.23542341589927673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.1208375096321106}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168065819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845566","display_name":"Debugging","level":2,"score":0.9118295311927795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8941130638122559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91071405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1413145","display_name":"Program slicing","level":3,"score":0.7943928837776184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.712965190410614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136388014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084976","display_name":"Algorithmic program debugging","level":3,"score":0.6072010397911072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548217200","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251","display_name":"Java","level":2,"score":0.5748113393783569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136643341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1361526","display_name":"Reachability","level":2,"score":0.530056893825531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.5165244936943054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.47160252928733826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776190703","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q488148","display_name":"Slicing","level":2,"score":0.46297141909599304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4228783845901489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777561058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2652119","display_name":"Program comprehension","level":4,"score":0.42056822776794434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.40294724702835083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149091818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2429814","display_name":"Software system","level":3,"score":0.23781129717826843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.23542341589927673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.1208375096321106}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1824760.1824761","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1824760.1824761","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.206.4307","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.206.4307","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.cmu.edu/%7Enatprog/papers/Ko2010TOSEM.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1205006040","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IIS-0329090CCF-0811610ITR CCR-0324770","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1261874357","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IIS-0329090CCF-0811610ITR CCR-0324770","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337387","funder_display_name":"Division of Computing and Communication Foundations"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1940413846","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IIS-0329090CCF-0811610ITR CCR-0324770","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337389","funder_display_name":"Division of Information and Intelligent Systems"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337387","display_name":"Division of Computing and Communication Foundations","ror":"https://ror.org/01mng8331"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337389","display_name":"Division of Information and Intelligent Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/053a2cp42"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1493700809","https://openalex.org/W1517725046","https://openalex.org/W1540823594","https://openalex.org/W1673079227","https://openalex.org/W1968784174","https://openalex.org/W1968847337","https://openalex.org/W1983825849","https://openalex.org/W1990863537","https://openalex.org/W2002530879","https://openalex.org/W2004681315","https://openalex.org/W2007121005","https://openalex.org/W2036196659","https://openalex.org/W2038687965","https://openalex.org/W2038903004","https://openalex.org/W2084974764","https://openalex.org/W2087061903","https://openalex.org/W2100406974","https://openalex.org/W2100816391","https://openalex.org/W2100894766","https://openalex.org/W2101819268","https://openalex.org/W2110066339","https://openalex.org/W2113476536","https://openalex.org/W2117426803","https://openalex.org/W2121081915","https://openalex.org/W2121840944","https://openalex.org/W2123900782","https://openalex.org/W2127225305","https://openalex.org/W2139643778","https://openalex.org/W2141109493","https://openalex.org/W2150566739","https://openalex.org/W2150662287","https://openalex.org/W2151996389","https://openalex.org/W2157922094","https://openalex.org/W2158035073","https://openalex.org/W2160829641","https://openalex.org/W2162376048","https://openalex.org/W2164372721","https://openalex.org/W2165811181","https://openalex.org/W2295857493","https://openalex.org/W2524475284","https://openalex.org/W2912296587","https://openalex.org/W2917606697","https://openalex.org/W4233319527","https://openalex.org/W6637072117"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2134982133","https://openalex.org/W1964336761","https://openalex.org/W4239953224","https://openalex.org/W2112395437","https://openalex.org/W2347708239","https://openalex.org/W4302024603","https://openalex.org/W87824331","https://openalex.org/W2007121005","https://openalex.org/W2123609798","https://openalex.org/W2094122659"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"When":[0],"software":[1,158],"developers":[2,50,123,140],"want":[3],"to":[4,51,139,150],"understand":[5],"the":[6,18,29,32,70,85,115,125,148],"reason":[7],"for":[8,84,107],"a":[9,21,37,53,59,94],"program's":[10,71],"behavior,":[11],"they":[12],"must":[13],"translate":[14],"their":[15],"questions":[16,24,67],"about":[17,25,28,55],"behavior":[19],"into":[20],"series":[22],"of":[23,40,61,111,114],"code,":[26],"speculating":[27],"causes":[30],"in":[31,87,156],"process.":[33],"The":[34,75,145],"Whyline":[35,126],"is":[36],"new":[38,105],"kind":[39],"debugging":[41,119,152],"tool":[42,76,116,146],"that":[43,122],"avoids":[44],"such":[45],"speculation":[46],"by":[47],"instead":[48],"enabling":[49],"select":[52],"question":[54],"program":[56,154],"output":[57,86],"from":[58,69],"set":[60],"\u201cwhy":[62],"did":[63],"and":[64,73,96,104,132,153],"why":[65],"didn't\u201d":[66],"extracted":[68],"code":[72],"execution.":[74],"then":[77],"finds":[78],"one":[79],"or":[80],"more":[81,130],"possible":[82],"explanations":[83,90],"question.":[88],"These":[89],"are":[91],"derived":[92],"using":[93],"static":[95],"dynamic":[97],"slicing,":[98],"precise":[99],"call":[100],"graphs,":[101],"reachability":[102],"analyses,":[103],"algorithms":[106],"determining":[108],"potential":[109,149],"sources":[110],"values.":[112],"Evaluations":[113],"on":[117],"two":[118],"tasks":[120],"showed":[121],"with":[124,141],"were":[127],"three":[128],"times":[129],"successful":[131],"twice":[133],"as":[134],"fast":[135],"at":[136],"debugging,":[137],"compared":[138],"traditional":[142],"breakpoint":[143],"debuggers.":[144],"has":[147],"simplify":[151],"understanding":[155],"many":[157],"development":[159],"contexts.":[160]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
