{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1983291164","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1816041.1816052","title":"The accuracy and value of machine-generated image tags","display_name":"The accuracy and value of machine-generated image tags","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-07-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1983291164","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1816041.1816052","mag":"1983291164"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1816041.1816052","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1816041.1816052","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Image and Video Retrieval","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049449495","display_name":"Lexing Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8319-0118"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lexing Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Watson Research Center, Hawthorne, NY","IBM- Watson Research Center, Hawthorne, NY#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Watson Research Center, Hawthorne, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM- Watson Research Center, Hawthorne, NY#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030886753","display_name":"Apostol Natsev","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Apostol Natsev","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Watson Research Center, Hawthorne, NY","IBM- Watson Research Center, Hawthorne, NY#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Watson Research Center, Hawthorne, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM- Watson Research Center, Hawthorne, NY#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110687485","display_name":"Matthew Hill","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew Hill","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Watson Research Center, Hawthorne, NY","IBM- Watson Research Center, Hawthorne, NY#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Watson Research Center, Hawthorne, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM- Watson Research Center, Hawthorne, NY#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105523625","display_name":"John R. Smith","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John R. Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Watson Research Center, Hawthorne, NY","IBM- Watson Research Center, Hawthorne, NY#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Watson Research Center, Hawthorne, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM- Watson Research Center, Hawthorne, NY#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103854254","display_name":"Alex Phillips","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alex Phillips","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Global Business Services, United Kingdom","IBM Global Business Services, United Kingdom#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Global Business Services, United Kingdom","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Global Business Services, United Kingdom#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0878,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76395506,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"58","last_page":"65"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11439","display_name":"Video Analysis and Summarization","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.849126935005188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.7034633159637451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.6714023947715759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranking","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","score":0.5588483214378357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vocabulary","display_name":"Vocabulary","score":0.5361751317977905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseline","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","score":0.5013244152069092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.42920178174972534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/taxonomy","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","score":0.4213923215866089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3829113841056824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.37484967708587646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.35859036445617676}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.849126935005188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.7034633159637451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.6714023947715759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189430467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293293","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","level":2,"score":0.5588483214378357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6499736","display_name":"Vocabulary","level":2,"score":0.5361751317977905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.5013244152069092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.42920178174972534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58642233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8269924","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4213923215866089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3829113841056824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.37484967708587646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.35859036445617676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1816041.1816052","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1816041.1816052","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Image and Video Retrieval","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au:1885/57760","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1885/57760","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402539","display_name":"ANU Open Research (Australian National University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I118347636","host_organization_name":"Australian National University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"CIVR '10 Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Image and Video Retrieval","raw_type":"Conference paper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1587086601","https://openalex.org/W1769703906","https://openalex.org/W1978577143","https://openalex.org/W1990843604","https://openalex.org/W2016089260","https://openalex.org/W2024436353","https://openalex.org/W2038721957","https://openalex.org/W2062903088","https://openalex.org/W2063926485","https://openalex.org/W2066690519","https://openalex.org/W2082508907","https://openalex.org/W2084802027","https://openalex.org/W2087544865","https://openalex.org/W2089150756","https://openalex.org/W2099111195","https://openalex.org/W2102775690","https://openalex.org/W2103467726","https://openalex.org/W2106097867","https://openalex.org/W2115068536","https://openalex.org/W2116608170","https://openalex.org/W2137457049","https://openalex.org/W2141282920","https://openalex.org/W2145607950","https://openalex.org/W2148698197","https://openalex.org/W2156749117","https://openalex.org/W2156909104","https://openalex.org/W2168356304","https://openalex.org/W2492794003","https://openalex.org/W2538008885","https://openalex.org/W2548695521","https://openalex.org/W2913081710","https://openalex.org/W4231610351","https://openalex.org/W4235505822","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6635254968","https://openalex.org/W6729382431"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2383111961","https://openalex.org/W2365952365","https://openalex.org/W2352448290","https://openalex.org/W2380820513","https://openalex.org/W2913146933","https://openalex.org/W2372385138","https://openalex.org/W4296359239","https://openalex.org/W2043093291","https://openalex.org/W2101155126","https://openalex.org/W2363545964"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automated":[0],"image":[1,33,55,146],"tagging":[2,56,59],"is":[3],"a":[4,160],"problem":[5],"of":[6,13,27,74,133],"great":[7],"interest,":[8],"due":[9],"to":[10,39,85,169],"the":[11,112],"proliferation":[12],"photo":[14],"sharing":[15],"services.":[16],"Researchers":[17],"have":[18],"achieved":[19],"considerable":[20],"advances":[21],"in":[22,51,96,104],"understanding":[23],"motivations":[24],"and":[25,35,72,89,92,103,121,156],"usage":[26],"tags,":[28,76],"recognizing":[29],"relevant":[30],"tags":[31,116,144,166],"from":[32,100,123,152],"content,":[34],"leveraging":[36],"community":[37],"input":[38,120],"recommend":[40],"more":[41],"tags.":[42,139,171],"In":[43],"this":[44,94],"work":[45],"we":[46,157],"address":[47],"several":[48],"important":[49],"issues":[50],"building":[52],"an":[53,127],"end-to-end":[54,128],"application,":[57],"including":[58],"vocabulary":[60],"design,":[61],"taxonomy-based":[62],"tag":[63,70,87,107],"refinement,":[64],"classifier":[65],"score":[66],"calibration":[67],"for":[68],"effective":[69],"ranking,":[71],"selection":[73],"valuable":[75],"rather":[77],"than":[78],"just":[79],"accurate":[80],"ones.":[81],"We":[82,109,125,140],"surveyed":[83],"users":[84],"quantify":[86],"utility":[88],"error":[90],"tolerance,":[91],"use":[93],"data":[95],"both":[97],"calibrating":[98],"scores":[99],"automatic":[101],"classifiers":[102],"taxonomy":[105],"based":[106,117],"expansion.":[108],"also":[110],"compute":[111],"relative":[113],"importance":[114],"among":[115],"on":[118,131],"user":[119,162],"statistics":[122],"Flickr.":[124],"present":[126],"system":[129],"evaluated":[130],"thousands":[132],"user-contributed":[134],"photos":[135],"using":[136],"60":[137],"popular":[138],"can":[141],"issue":[142],"four":[143],"per":[145],"with":[147],"over":[148],"80%":[149],"accuracy,":[150],"up":[151],"50%":[153],"baseline":[154],"performance,":[155],"confirm":[158],"through":[159],"comparative":[161],"study":[163],"that":[164],"value-ranked":[165],"are":[167],"preferable":[168],"accuracy-ranked":[170]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
