{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1999380087","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1754428.1754432","title":"Data mining for discrimination discovery","display_name":"Data mining for discrimination discovery","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1999380087","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1754428.1754432","mag":"1999380087"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1754428.1754432","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1754428.1754432","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S41523882","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data","issn_l":"1556-4681","issn":["1556-4681","1556-472X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071524745","display_name":"Salvatore Ruggieri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1917-6087"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Salvatore Ruggieri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e0 di Pisa, Pisa, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e0 di Pisa, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044898565","display_name":"Dino Pedreschi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4801-3225"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dino Pedreschi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e0 di Pisa, Pisa, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e0 di Pisa, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023007469","display_name":"Franco Turini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6789-5476"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Franco Turini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e0 di Pisa, Pisa, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e0 di Pisa, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5071524745"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":54.5036,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":172,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9982892,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"40"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9772999882698059,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14012","display_name":"Comparative and International Law Studies","score":0.9253000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6861767768859863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.6130080819129944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lift","display_name":"Lift (data mining)","score":0.5541521310806274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5405259728431702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4917466938495636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.47968292236328125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.47889867424964905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.477475643157959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-extraction","display_name":"Knowledge extraction","score":0.4268653690814972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.4053034782409668}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6861767768859863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.6130080819129944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139002025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001212","display_name":"Lift (data mining)","level":2,"score":0.5541521310806274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5405259728431702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4917466938495636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.47968292236328125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.47889867424964905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.477475643157959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120567893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1582085","display_name":"Knowledge extraction","level":2,"score":0.4268653690814972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4053034782409668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1754428.1754432","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1754428.1754432","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S41523882","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data","issn_l":"1556-4681","issn":["1556-4681","1556-472X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.158.6656","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.158.6656","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.di.unipi.it/~ruggieri/Papers/tkdd.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arpi.unipi.it:11568/203534","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11568/203534","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196265","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","host_organization_name":"University of Pisa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dnet:people______::f08bd016b3eb6161f1d0dbe8c0778770","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055261","display_name":"ISTI Open Portal","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ACM TRANSACTIONS ON KNOWLEDGE DISCOVERY FROM DATA, vol. 4 (issue 2), pp. 1-40","raw_type":"Journal article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:dnet:people______::f08bd016b3eb6161f1d0dbe8c0778770","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055261","display_name":"ISTI Open Portal","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ACM TRANSACTIONS ON KNOWLEDGE DISCOVERY FROM DATA, vol. 4 (issue 2), pp. 1-40","raw_type":"Journal article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6100000143051147,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W41714111","https://openalex.org/W144363963","https://openalex.org/W362602580","https://openalex.org/W789959438","https://openalex.org/W1490277866","https://openalex.org/W1498470348","https://openalex.org/W1506285740","https://openalex.org/W1520890006","https://openalex.org/W1533929642","https://openalex.org/W1546098113","https://openalex.org/W1580325466","https://openalex.org/W1593806347","https://openalex.org/W1623342295","https://openalex.org/W1648937643","https://openalex.org/W1964849597","https://openalex.org/W1973036367","https://openalex.org/W1980770954","https://openalex.org/W1982120517","https://openalex.org/W1990593398","https://openalex.org/W1995019526","https://openalex.org/W2006762481","https://openalex.org/W2010349836","https://openalex.org/W2020109926","https://openalex.org/W2026019770","https://openalex.org/W2026562765","https://openalex.org/W2084812512","https://openalex.org/W2095576022","https://openalex.org/W2119047901","https://openalex.org/W2125820445","https://openalex.org/W2127204392","https://openalex.org/W2128906841","https://openalex.org/W2134296276","https://openalex.org/W2142513087","https://openalex.org/W2146167636","https://openalex.org/W2154642793","https://openalex.org/W2160336432","https://openalex.org/W2168123127","https://openalex.org/W2171598145","https://openalex.org/W2768894539","https://openalex.org/W2796877052","https://openalex.org/W2982720039","https://openalex.org/W3009784374","https://openalex.org/W3121972173","https://openalex.org/W3125306351","https://openalex.org/W3126021231","https://openalex.org/W4248358572","https://openalex.org/W4296004160","https://openalex.org/W7042961576"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4389397071","https://openalex.org/W2055243143","https://openalex.org/W2023045191","https://openalex.org/W2952839243","https://openalex.org/W1986418932","https://openalex.org/W2357796999","https://openalex.org/W4321636575","https://openalex.org/W2741131631","https://openalex.org/W2045526782","https://openalex.org/W3009154991"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,78,165,180,228],"the":[1,50,62,74,83,107,135,145,158,168,183,201,252,258],"context":[2],"of":[3,14,52,64,85,94,109,141,147,157,161,177,209,246],"civil":[4],"rights":[5],"law,":[6],"discrimination":[7,87,113,122],"refers":[8],"to":[9,19,27,70],"unfair":[10],"or":[11,22,101],"unequal":[12],"treatment":[13],"people":[15],"based":[16,128],"on":[17,251,257],"membership":[18],"a":[20,23,92,125,162,191],"category":[21],"minority,":[24],"without":[25],"regard":[26],"individual":[28],"merit.":[29],"Discrimination":[30],"in":[31,44,91,124,175],"credit,":[32],"mortgage,":[33],"insurance,":[34],"labor":[35],"market,":[36],"and":[37,46,111,119,236,256],"education":[38],"has":[39],"been":[40],"investigated":[41],"by":[42,99,102,115,154],"researchers":[43],"economics":[45],"human":[47],"sciences.":[48],"With":[49],"advent":[51],"automatic":[53,103,238],"decision":[54,96],"support":[55],"systems,":[56,61],"such":[57],"as":[58,190],"credit":[59,254],"scoring":[60],"ease":[63],"data":[65,71,89],"collection":[66],"opens":[67],"several":[68],"challenges":[69],"analysts":[72],"for":[73,138,194,206,215,240],"fight":[75],"against":[76],"discrimination.":[77],"this":[79,229],"article,":[80,230],"we":[81,231],"introduce":[82],"problem":[84],"discovering":[86],"through":[88],"mining":[90,184],"dataset":[93,136,255],"historical":[95],"records,":[97],"taken":[98],"humans":[100],"systems.":[104],"We":[105],"formalize":[106],"processes":[108],"direct":[110,166],"indirect":[112,181],"discovery":[114],"modelling":[116],"protected-by-law":[117,150],"groups":[118,151],"contexts":[120,140,208],"where":[121,144],"occurs":[123],"classification":[126,131,163,218],"rule":[127],"syntax.":[129],"Basically,":[130],"rules":[132,170,203,219],"extracted":[133,169,202,217],"from":[134],"allow":[137,205],"unveiling":[139,207],"unlawful":[142],"discrimination,":[143,167,182],"degree":[146],"burden":[148],"over":[149],"is":[152,223,249],"formalized":[153],"an":[155,225],"extension":[156],"lift":[159],"measure":[160],"rule.":[164],"can":[171],"be":[172],"directly":[173],"mined":[174],"search":[176],"discriminatory":[178,210],"contexts.":[179],"process":[185],"needs":[186],"some":[187],"background":[188,221],"knowledge":[189,222],"further":[192],"input,":[193],"example,":[195],"census":[196],"data,":[197],"that":[198],"combined":[199],"with":[200,220],"might":[204],"decisions.":[211],"A":[212],"strategy":[213],"adopted":[214],"combining":[216],"called":[224],"inference":[226,234],"model.":[227],"propose":[232],"two":[233],"models":[235],"provide":[237],"procedures":[239],"their":[241],"implementation.":[242],"An":[243],"empirical":[244],"assessment":[245],"our":[247],"results":[248],"provided":[250],"German":[253],"PKDD":[259],"Discovery":[260],"Challenge":[261],"1999":[262],"financial":[263],"dataset.":[264]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":15}],"updated_date":"2026-03-02T08:37:19.008085","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
