{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2073766244","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1754386.1754390","title":"Improving the Robustness of Ring Oscillator TRNGs","display_name":"Improving the Robustness of Ring Oscillator TRNGs","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2073766244","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1754386.1754390","mag":"2073766244"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1754386.1754390","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1754386.1754390","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112809824","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and Systems","issn_l":"1936-7406","issn":["1936-7406","1936-7414"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053409676","display_name":"Sang-Kyung Yoo","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sang-Kyung Yoo","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Attached Institute of ETRI"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Attached Institute of ETRI","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064972752","display_name":"Deniz Karakoyunlu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107077323","display_name":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05ejpqr48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deniz Karakoyunlu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Worcester Polytechnic Institute"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007447587","display_name":"Berk Birand","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107077323","display_name":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05ejpqr48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Berk Birand","raw_affiliation_strings":["Worcester Polytechnic Institute"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066592325","display_name":"Berk Sunar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5404-5368"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107077323","display_name":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05ejpqr48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Berk Sunar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Worcester Polytechnic Institute"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2604,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89132523,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"30"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7900652885437012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.7672579288482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ring-oscillator","display_name":"Ring oscillator","score":0.6862626671791077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation","display_name":"Implementation","score":0.4916558861732483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-point","display_name":"Operating point","score":0.4391978681087494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.39788585901260376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3909834921360016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.2001008689403534}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7900652885437012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.7672579288482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104111718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2153973","display_name":"Ring oscillator","level":3,"score":0.6862626671791077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.4916558861732483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22762622","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628904","display_name":"Operating point","level":2,"score":0.4391978681087494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.39788585901260376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3909834921360016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2001008689403534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1754386.1754390","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1754386.1754390","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112809824","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and Systems","issn_l":"1936-7406","issn":["1936-7406","1936-7414"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.420.6542","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.420.6542","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://ece.wpi.edu/~sunar/preprints/rings.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","score":0.4099999964237213,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W206222754","https://openalex.org/W274003356","https://openalex.org/W1488916099","https://openalex.org/W1517403092","https://openalex.org/W1534558795","https://openalex.org/W1556860228","https://openalex.org/W1568780897","https://openalex.org/W1583056432","https://openalex.org/W1588877666","https://openalex.org/W1606480398","https://openalex.org/W1712912884","https://openalex.org/W1868304350","https://openalex.org/W2033711887","https://openalex.org/W2069788171","https://openalex.org/W2081024858","https://openalex.org/W2106963640","https://openalex.org/W2113142402","https://openalex.org/W2113158626","https://openalex.org/W2142355167","https://openalex.org/W2166369837","https://openalex.org/W2167352984","https://openalex.org/W2170141950","https://openalex.org/W2527193322","https://openalex.org/W2809548040","https://openalex.org/W2911708692","https://openalex.org/W3198310217","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6633289660"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2120447654","https://openalex.org/W2977179488","https://openalex.org/W2144453115","https://openalex.org/W2128223750","https://openalex.org/W4238532390","https://openalex.org/W2188872161","https://openalex.org/W2002978035","https://openalex.org/W2961779879","https://openalex.org/W797688974","https://openalex.org/W2209382646"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"ring":[1,70],"oscillator-based":[2],"true-random":[3],"number":[4],"generator":[5],"design":[6,17,44,138],"(Rings":[7],"design)":[8],"was":[9,18],"introduced":[10],"in":[11,65],"Sunar":[12],"et":[13],"al.":[14],"[2007].":[15],"The":[16],"rigorously":[19],"analyzed":[20],"under":[21],"a":[22,46,122],"simple":[23,123],"mathematical":[24],"model":[25],"and":[26,50,80,126,149,155],"its":[27,142,152],"performance":[28],"characteristics":[29],"were":[30],"established.":[31],"In":[32],"this":[33],"article":[34],"we":[35,84,133],"focus":[36],"on":[37,45,54],"the":[38,42,55,95,100,105,109,118,129,137],"practical":[39],"aspects":[40],"of":[41],"Rings":[43],"reconfigurable":[47],"logic":[48],"platform":[49],"determine":[51],"their":[52],"implications":[53],"earlier":[56],"analysis":[57],"framework.":[58],"We":[59],"make":[60],"recommendations":[61],"for":[62],"avoiding":[63],"pitfalls":[64],"real-life":[66],"implementations":[67],"by":[68],"considering":[69],"interaction,":[71],"transistor-level":[72],"effects,":[73],"narrow":[74],"signal":[75,110],"rejection,":[76],"transmission":[77],"line":[78],"attenuation,":[79],"sampler":[81],"bias.":[82],"Furthermore,":[83],"present":[85],"experimental":[86],"results":[87],"showing":[88],"that":[89],"changing":[90],"operating":[91,101,119],"conditions":[92],"such":[93],"as":[94],"power":[96,156],"supply":[97],"voltage":[98],"or":[99],"temperature":[102],"may":[103,116],"affect":[104],"output":[106],"quality":[107],"when":[108],"is":[111],"subsampled.":[112],"Hence,":[113],"an":[114],"attacker":[115],"shift":[117],"point":[120],"via":[121],"noninvasive":[124],"influence":[125],"easily":[127],"bias":[128],"TRNG":[130],"output.":[131],"Finally,":[132],"propose":[134],"modifications":[135],"to":[136],"which":[139],"significantly":[140],"improve":[141,151],"robustness":[143],"against":[144],"attacks,":[145],"alleviate":[146],"implementation-related":[147],"problems,":[148],"simultaneously":[150],"area,":[153],"throughput,":[154],"performance.":[157]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}