{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1976379275","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1731047.1731057","title":"Using blur to affect perceived distance and size","display_name":"Using blur to affect perceived distance and size","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1976379275","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1731047.1731057","mag":"1976379275","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21552429"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1731047.1731057","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1731047.1731057","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185367456","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","issn_l":"0730-0301","issn":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112408485","display_name":"Robert T. Held","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Robert T. Held","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, San Francisco, and University of California, Berkeley, CA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, San Francisco, and University of California, Berkeley, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486","https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012456820","display_name":"Emily A. Cooper","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4889-7446"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emily A. Cooper","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley, CA","University of California: Berkeley, CA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California: Berkeley, CA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001740205","display_name":"James F. O\u2019Brien","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9513-0542"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James F. O'Brien","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley, CA","University of California: Berkeley, CA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California: Berkeley, CA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089909134","display_name":"Martin S. Banks","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4914-1229"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin S. Banks","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley, CA","University of California: Berkeley, CA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California: Berkeley, CA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5112408485"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191","https://openalex.org/I95457486"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":20.3717,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":141,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99466192,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"16"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11105","display_name":"Advanced Image Processing Techniques","score":0.9839000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9675999879837036,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6551095843315125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6431121826171875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6260381937026978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.5626212358474731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.5239399075508118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.5236722826957703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian-blur","display_name":"Gaussian blur","score":0.45551908016204834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.34005317091941833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-restoration","display_name":"Image restoration","score":0.31207263469696045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.25319501757621765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.0827062726020813}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6551095843315125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6431121826171875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6260381937026978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5626212358474731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.5239399075508118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.5236722826957703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1894545","display_name":"Gaussian blur","level":5,"score":0.45551908016204834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.34005317091941833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106430172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6002272","display_name":"Image restoration","level":4,"score":0.31207263469696045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.25319501757621765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0827062726020813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1731047.1731057","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1731047.1731057","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185367456","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","issn_l":"0730-0301","issn":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:21552429","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21552429","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM transactions on graphics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:ark:/13030/qt3ts0x35k","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.220.7235","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.220.7235","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://graphics.berkeley.edu/papers/Held-UBA-2010-03/Held-UBA-2010-03.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt3ts0x35k","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3ts0x35k","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics, vol 29, iss 2","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:2099006","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3088122","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1618632862","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01 EY012851","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5315444557","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IIS-0915462","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337389","funder_display_name":"Division of Information and Intelligent Systems"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5316676442","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BCS-0117701","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337405","funder_display_name":"Division of Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337389","display_name":"Division of Information and Intelligent Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/053a2cp42"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337405","display_name":"Division of Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05wgkzg12"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1661014664","https://openalex.org/W1718918272","https://openalex.org/W1845484523","https://openalex.org/W1963896874","https://openalex.org/W1964695845","https://openalex.org/W1972497228","https://openalex.org/W1975071260","https://openalex.org/W1986377419","https://openalex.org/W1992810900","https://openalex.org/W1995509285","https://openalex.org/W2003954770","https://openalex.org/W2004702094","https://openalex.org/W2006549117","https://openalex.org/W2006885966","https://openalex.org/W2014010105","https://openalex.org/W2014893164","https://openalex.org/W2028902141","https://openalex.org/W2029324722","https://openalex.org/W2053574266","https://openalex.org/W2054726925","https://openalex.org/W2060895226","https://openalex.org/W2067995682","https://openalex.org/W2071634909","https://openalex.org/W2073426683","https://openalex.org/W2081657616","https://openalex.org/W2090407225","https://openalex.org/W2091255893","https://openalex.org/W2092552062","https://openalex.org/W2097019560","https://openalex.org/W2109262272","https://openalex.org/W2114284422","https://openalex.org/W2118497241","https://openalex.org/W2122566683","https://openalex.org/W2122800398","https://openalex.org/W2124241096","https://openalex.org/W2125626656","https://openalex.org/W2125833438","https://openalex.org/W2128596167","https://openalex.org/W2128708999","https://openalex.org/W2132719795","https://openalex.org/W2133062512","https://openalex.org/W2139238916","https://openalex.org/W2143789285","https://openalex.org/W2145023731","https://openalex.org/W2148293195","https://openalex.org/W2152399103","https://openalex.org/W2154571593","https://openalex.org/W2156186951","https://openalex.org/W2156607579","https://openalex.org/W2173197174","https://openalex.org/W2173672816","https://openalex.org/W2312651278","https://openalex.org/W2321268653","https://openalex.org/W2339741082","https://openalex.org/W2504987011","https://openalex.org/W3016556061","https://openalex.org/W3024382315","https://openalex.org/W3139169813","https://openalex.org/W3158513731","https://openalex.org/W4205784989","https://openalex.org/W4234552385","https://openalex.org/W4234911243","https://openalex.org/W4247043502","https://openalex.org/W4255775921"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2029783634","https://openalex.org/W2974904990","https://openalex.org/W2365681766","https://openalex.org/W1597170061","https://openalex.org/W2913940536","https://openalex.org/W2462717764","https://openalex.org/W4377836662","https://openalex.org/W2371693281","https://openalex.org/W2616156716","https://openalex.org/W1587661401"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,109],"present":[1],"a":[2,26,57,64],"probabilistic":[3],"model":[4,29,139,144,171,174],"of":[5,34,48,76,102,164],"how":[6,31],"viewers":[7,97,158],"may":[8],"use":[9],"defocus":[10,120],"blur":[11,35,62,117,165,181],"in":[12,25,36,166],"conjunction":[13],"with":[14,40,95,114,124],"other":[15],"pictorial":[16],"cues":[17,43],"to":[18,23,63,105,119,128,160,179,184],"estimate":[19],"the":[20,32,45,49,53,71,77,82,85,106,129,135,161,168,170,186],"absolute":[21,103],"distances":[22],"objects":[24],"scene.":[27],"Our":[28],"explains":[30],"pattern":[33],"an":[37,93],"image":[38,67],"together":[39],"relative":[41],"depth":[42],"indicates":[44],"apparent":[46,72],"scale":[47,75,189],"image's":[50],"contents.":[51,79],"From":[52],"model,":[54],"we":[55,91],"develop":[56],"semiautomated":[58],"algorithm":[59,176],"that":[60,146,153],"applies":[61],"sharply":[65],"rendered":[66],"and":[68,74,87,98,121,138,152,175,183],"thereby":[69],"changes":[70],"distance":[73,104],"scene's":[78],"To":[80],"examine":[81],"correspondence":[83],"between":[84,134],"model/algorithm":[86],"actual":[88],"viewer":[89],"experience,":[90],"conducted":[92],"experiment":[94],"human":[96],"compared":[99],"their":[100],"estimates":[101],"model's":[107],"predictions.":[108],"did":[110],"this":[111],"for":[112,122],"images":[113,123],"geometrically":[115],"correct":[116,130],"due":[118],"commonly":[125],"used":[126],"approximations":[127,148],"blur.":[131],"The":[132,143,173],"agreement":[133],"experimental":[136],"data":[137],"predictions":[140],"was":[141],"excellent.":[142],"predicts":[145],"some":[147],"should":[149,155],"work":[150],"well":[151],"others":[154],"not.":[156],"Human":[157],"responded":[159],"various":[162],"types":[163],"much":[167],"way":[169],"predicts.":[172],"allow":[177],"one":[178],"manipulate":[180],"precisely":[182],"achieve":[185],"desired":[187],"perceived":[188],"efficiently.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
