{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2027189949","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1706299.1706341","title":"Contracts made manifest","display_name":"Contracts made manifest","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-01-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2027189949","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1706299.1706341","mag":"2027189949"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1706299.1706341","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1706299.1706341","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 37th annual ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT symposium on Principles of programming languages","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1667&context=cis_papers","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075185353","display_name":"Michael Greenberg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0014-7670"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael Greenberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085361253","display_name":"Benjamin C. Pierce","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7839-1636"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin C. Pierce","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049220962","display_name":"Stephanie Weirich","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6756-9168"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephanie Weirich","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075185353"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.5681,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":84,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9864144,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"353","last_page":"364"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11010","display_name":"Logic, Reasoning, and Knowledge","score":0.9710999727249146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10317","display_name":"Advanced Database Systems and Queries","score":0.9333999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.718317985534668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.6347670555114746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/order","display_name":"Order (exchange)","score":0.595558226108551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type","display_name":"Type (biology)","score":0.5557693839073181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/value","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","score":0.5480825304985046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/folklore","display_name":"Folklore","score":0.43948492407798767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3369784951210022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.11871331930160522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.11035779118537903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.08623751997947693}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.718317985534668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.6347670555114746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.595558226108551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777299769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3707858","display_name":"Type (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5557693839073181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5480825304985046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105297191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36192","display_name":"Folklore","level":2,"score":0.43948492407798767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3369784951210022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.11871331930160522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.11035779118537903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.08623751997947693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1706299.1706341","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1706299.1706341","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 37th annual ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT symposium on Principles of programming languages","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.upenn.edu:cis_papers-1667","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.upenn.edu/cis_papers/630","pdf_url":"https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1667&context=cis_papers","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402083","display_name":"ScholarlyCommons (University of Pennsylvania)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","host_organization_name":"University of Pennsylvania","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Departmental Papers (CIS)","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.upenn.edu:cis_papers-1802","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.upenn.edu/cis_papers/751","pdf_url":"https://repository.upenn.edu/cis_papers/751","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402083","display_name":"ScholarlyCommons (University of Pennsylvania)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","host_organization_name":"University of Pennsylvania","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Departmental Papers (CIS)","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.155.4383","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.155.4383","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.seas.upenn.edu/~mgree/papers/contracts_tr.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.224.8713","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.224.8713","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cis.upenn.edu/%7Emgree/papers/contracts_jfp_revised_again.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.297.937","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.297.937","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~mgree/papers/contracts_jfp_firstview.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.upenn.edu:cis_papers-1667","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.upenn.edu/cis_papers/630","pdf_url":"https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1667&context=cis_papers","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402083","display_name":"ScholarlyCommons (University of Pennsylvania)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","host_organization_name":"University of Pennsylvania","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Departmental Papers (CIS)","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":0.4000000059604645,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2027189949.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2027189949.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W54214954","https://openalex.org/W1502282368","https://openalex.org/W1526601993","https://openalex.org/W1555946950","https://openalex.org/W1562530348","https://openalex.org/W1604665600","https://openalex.org/W1973186567","https://openalex.org/W1980939032","https://openalex.org/W1994736245","https://openalex.org/W2059703978","https://openalex.org/W2075981791","https://openalex.org/W2092351491","https://openalex.org/W2107399697","https://openalex.org/W2127402358","https://openalex.org/W2128303158","https://openalex.org/W2139597778","https://openalex.org/W2141210774","https://openalex.org/W2144160229","https://openalex.org/W2150998213","https://openalex.org/W2742478755","https://openalex.org/W2796564118","https://openalex.org/W2912100275","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6602153503","https://openalex.org/W6679419702"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2389103849","https://openalex.org/W563536027","https://openalex.org/W2354580412","https://openalex.org/W3175013171","https://openalex.org/W2072532867","https://openalex.org/W2382778532","https://openalex.org/W4236376841","https://openalex.org/W2383970674","https://openalex.org/W2952692593","https://openalex.org/W4376865054"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Since":[0],"Findler":[1,21],"and":[2,22,78,90],"Felleisen":[3,23],"introduced":[4],"higher-order":[5],"contracts":[6],",":[7],"many":[8],"variants":[9],"have":[10],"been":[11,52],"proposed.":[12],"Broadly,":[13],"these":[14],"fall":[15],"into":[16],"two":[17,58],"groups:":[18],"some":[19],"follow":[20],"in":[24],"using":[25],"latent":[26],"contracts,":[27,41],"purely":[28],"dynamic":[29],"checks":[30],"that":[31,50],"are":[32,60],"transparent":[33],"to":[34,54,63,88],"the":[35,46,69,79],"type":[36,76],"system;":[37],"others":[38],"use":[39],"manifest":[40],"where":[42],"refinement":[43],"types":[44],"record":[45],"most":[47],"recent":[48],"check":[49],"has":[51],"applied":[53],"each":[55],"value.":[56],"These":[57],"approaches":[59],"commonly":[61],"assumed":[62],"be":[64],"equivalent---different":[65],"ways":[66],"of":[67],"implementing":[68],"same":[70],"idea,":[71],"one":[72],"retaining":[73],"a":[74],"simple":[75],"system,":[77],"other":[80],"providing":[81],"more":[82],"static":[83],"information.":[84],"Our":[85],"goal":[86],"is":[87],"formalize":[89],"clarify":[91],"this":[92],"folklore":[93],"understanding.":[94]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
