{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2114723472","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1687399.1687470","title":"The synthesis of combinational logic to generate probabilities","display_name":"The synthesis of combinational logic to generate probabilities","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-11-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2114723472","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1687399.1687470","mag":"2114723472"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1687399.1687470","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1687399.1687470","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2009 International Conference on Computer-Aided Design","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036572182","display_name":"Weikang Qian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5129-9431"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101327","display_name":"Twin Cities Orthopedics","ror":"https://ror.org/01en4s460","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210101327"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Weikang Qian","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Minnesota, Twin Cities"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Minnesota, Twin Cities","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101327","https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103212398","display_name":"Marc D. Riedel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3318-346X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101327","display_name":"Twin Cities Orthopedics","ror":"https://ror.org/01en4s460","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210101327"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marc D. Riedel","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Minnesota, Twin Cities"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Minnesota, Twin Cities","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101327","https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013257804","display_name":"Kia Bazargan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3624-7366"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101327","display_name":"Twin Cities Orthopedics","ror":"https://ror.org/01en4s460","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210101327"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kia Bazargan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Minnesota, Twin Cities"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Minnesota, Twin Cities","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101327","https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090091276","display_name":"David J. Lilja","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3785-8206"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101327","display_name":"Twin Cities Orthopedics","ror":"https://ror.org/01en4s460","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210101327"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David J. Lilja","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Minnesota, Twin Cities"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Minnesota, Twin Cities","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101327","https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5036572182"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516","https://openalex.org/I4210101327"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.5889,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93007794,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"367","last_page":"374"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11005","display_name":"Radiation Effects in Electronics","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11032","display_name":"VLSI and Analog Circuit Testing","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinational-logic","display_name":"Combinational logic","score":0.7590607404708862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/randomness","display_name":"Randomness","score":0.7175516486167908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.7170459032058716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6482245922088623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.619357705116272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.5678966045379639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.5582089424133301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logic-gate","display_name":"Logic gate","score":0.4699026942253113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-number-generation","display_name":"Random number generation","score":0.45562103390693665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3870428502559662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.2614688277244568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.17608600854873657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.150074303150177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.14234289526939392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.13619601726531982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.09034141898155212}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81409106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76505","display_name":"Combinational logic","level":3,"score":0.7590607404708862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125112378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176640","display_name":"Randomness","level":2,"score":0.7175516486167908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.7170459032058716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6482245922088623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.619357705116272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.5678966045379639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.5582089424133301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131017901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170451","display_name":"Logic gate","level":2,"score":0.4699026942253113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201866948","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228206","display_name":"Random number generation","level":2,"score":0.45562103390693665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3870428502559662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.2614688277244568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17608600854873657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.150074303150177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.14234289526939392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.13619601726531982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.09034141898155212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1687399.1687470","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1687399.1687470","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2009 International Conference on Computer-Aided Design","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.44999998807907104}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1987683681","https://openalex.org/W2000617148","https://openalex.org/W2019906979","https://openalex.org/W2030020312","https://openalex.org/W2104726505","https://openalex.org/W2116359224","https://openalex.org/W2118412406","https://openalex.org/W2150110803","https://openalex.org/W2497735908"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3134921237","https://openalex.org/W2032644301","https://openalex.org/W2344061241","https://openalex.org/W236957874","https://openalex.org/W2005418990","https://openalex.org/W2109259595","https://openalex.org/W2360514482","https://openalex.org/W4378574941","https://openalex.org/W1989613568","https://openalex.org/W2247946197"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"CMOS":[1],"devices":[2],"are":[3,13,40,52,64],"scaled":[4],"down":[5],"into":[6],"the":[7,46],"nanometer":[8],"regime,":[9],"concerns":[10],"about":[11],"reliability":[12],"mounting.":[14],"Instead":[15],"of":[16,32],"viewing":[17],"nano-scale":[18],"characteristics":[19],"as":[20,25,29],"an":[21],"impediment,":[22],"technologies":[23],"such":[24],"PCMOS":[26,47],"exploit":[27],"them":[28],"a":[30],"source":[31],"randomness.":[33],"The":[34],"technology":[35],"generates":[36],"random":[37],"numbers":[38],"that":[39],"used":[41,53],"in":[42],"probabilistic":[43],"algorithms.":[44],"With":[45],"approach,":[48],"different":[49,56,61],"voltage":[50],"levels":[51],"to":[54],"generate":[55],"probability":[57,62],"values.":[58],"If":[59],"many":[60],"values":[63],"required,":[65],"this":[66],"approach":[67],"becomes":[68],"prohibitively":[69],"expensive.":[70]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
