{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2098024944","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1647420.1647440","title":"Echo","display_name":"Echo","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2098024944","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1647420.1647440","mag":"2098024944"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1647420.1647440","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1647420.1647440","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM SIGAda annual international conference on Ada and related technologies","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075482777","display_name":"John Knight","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4327-7272"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"John Knight","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA","University of Virginia, CHarlottesville, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Virginia, CHarlottesville, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075482777"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.19893304,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"85","last_page":"86"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13248","display_name":"Healthcare Technology and Patient Monitoring","score":0.31060001254081726,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13248","display_name":"Healthcare Technology and Patient Monitoring","score":0.31060001254081726,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.1565999984741211,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.09470000118017197,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8496890664100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/echo","display_name":"Echo (communications protocol)","score":0.6543588638305664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.13034453988075256}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8496890664100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779426996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18389128","display_name":"Echo (communications protocol)","level":2,"score":0.6543588638305664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.13034453988075256}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1647420.1647440","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1647420.1647440","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM SIGAda annual international conference on Ada and related technologies","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W1473737476","https://openalex.org/W2949162897","https://openalex.org/W2061432289","https://openalex.org/W2276571074","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Echo":[0,16,87,140,162],"is":[1,58,89,100,142,147],"a":[2,42,55,66,90,181],"novel":[3,182],"yet":[4],"practical":[5,88],"approach":[6,17,141],"to":[7,33,97,104,118,121,130],"the":[8,25,28,47,52,62,70,76,80,111,119,123,126,132,139,151,161,174],"formal":[9],"verification":[10,19,93,135,145,163,175],"of":[11,84,110,125,134,138,176],"large":[12],"software":[13,127],"systems.":[14],"The":[15,95,144,168],"splits":[18],"into":[20],"two":[21,177],"major":[22],"parts.":[23],"In":[24,51,107,158],"first":[26],"part,":[27,54],"SPARK":[29,39,48],"tools":[30,155],"are":[31,116],"used":[32],"verify":[34],"an":[35],"implementation":[36,120],"written":[37,45],"in":[38],"Ada":[40],"against":[41],"low-level":[43],"specification":[44,57,78],"using":[46,69,173],"source-code":[49],"annotations.":[50],"second":[53],"high-level":[56],"extracted":[59,77],"automatically":[60],"from":[61],"annotated":[63],"implementation,":[64],"and":[65,128,156,180],"proof":[67,112],"constructed":[68],"PVS":[71],"theorem":[72],"proving":[73],"system":[74],"that":[75],"implies":[79],"original":[81],"specification.":[82],"Part":[83],"what":[85],"makes":[86],"technique":[91],"called":[92],"refactoring.":[94],"program":[96],"be":[98,166,171],"verified":[99],"mechanically":[101],"refactored":[102],"specifically":[103],"facilitate":[105],"verification.":[106],"both":[108],"parts":[109],"process,":[113],"semantics-preserving":[114],"refactorings":[115],"applied":[117],"reduce":[122,131],"complexity":[124],"thereby":[129],"difficulty":[133],"proof.":[136],"Much":[137],"automated.":[143],"burden":[146,152],"reduced":[148],"by":[149],"distributing":[150],"over":[153],"separate":[154],"techniques.":[157],"this":[159],"presentation,":[160],"technology":[164,169],"will":[165,170],"described.":[167],"illustrated":[172],"security":[178],"applications":[179],"medical":[183],"device.":[184]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-03T08:47:05.690250","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}