{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2049322441","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1629911.1630060","title":"Spectrum","display_name":"Spectrum","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-07-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2049322441","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1629911.1630060","mag":"2049322441"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1629911.1630060","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1629911.1630060","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 46th Annual Design Automation Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100414978","display_name":"Zheng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1518-5605"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119392","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6gs133","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zheng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology, Institute of Microelectronics Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology, Institute of Microelectronics Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109986239","display_name":"Dan Fay","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dan Fay","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Colorado, Boulder, CO","[Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, 80309, U.S.A.]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Colorado, Boulder, CO","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, 80309, U.S.A.]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059355897","display_name":"Alan R. Mickelson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2529-8301"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alan Mickelson","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Colorado, Boulder, CO","[Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, 80309, U.S.A.]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Colorado, Boulder, CO","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, 80309, U.S.A.]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004722925","display_name":"Li Shang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3944-7531"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119392","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6gs133","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Shang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Colorado, Boulder, CO","Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology, Institute of Microelectronics Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Colorado, Boulder, CO","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology, Institute of Microelectronics Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075744782","display_name":"Manish Vachharajani","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119392","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6gs133","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manish Vachharajani","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Colorado, Boulder, CO","Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology, Institute of Microelectronics Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Colorado, Boulder, CO","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology, Institute of Microelectronics Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084796550","display_name":"Dejan S. Filipovi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6587-1945"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119392","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6gs133","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dejan Filipovic","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Colorado, Boulder, CO","Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology, Institute of Microelectronics Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Colorado, Boulder, CO","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology, Institute of Microelectronics Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100731807","display_name":"Wounjhang Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0806-7168"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119392","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6gs133","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wounjhang Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Colorado, Boulder, CO","Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology, Institute of Microelectronics Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Colorado, Boulder, CO","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology, Institute of Microelectronics Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102093599","display_name":"Yihe Sun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yihe Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","[Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, 80309, U.S.A.]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, 80309, U.S.A.]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100414978"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119392","https://openalex.org/I99065089"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7945,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85405348,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"575","last_page":"580"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10767","display_name":"Advanced Photonic Communication Systems","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7644543051719666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multicast","display_name":"Multicast","score":0.5640618801116943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bottleneck","display_name":"Bottleneck","score":0.5462424755096436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5090531706809998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interconnection","display_name":"Interconnection","score":0.45670151710510254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.4426393210887909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.4331158399581909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/packet-switching","display_name":"Packet switching","score":0.43085065484046936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplexing","display_name":"Multiplexing","score":0.42754748463630676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.4223005771636963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.41601285338401794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.24177983403205872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.17230385541915894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.11748749017715454}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7644543051719666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32295351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899288","display_name":"Multicast","level":2,"score":0.5640618801116943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780513914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18210350","display_name":"Bottleneck","level":2,"score":0.5462424755096436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5090531706809998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123745756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1665949","display_name":"Interconnection","level":2,"score":0.45670151710510254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.4426393210887909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.4331158399581909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113508815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193446","display_name":"Packet switching","level":3,"score":0.43085065484046936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19275194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q222903","display_name":"Multiplexing","level":2,"score":0.42754748463630676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.4223005771636963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.41601285338401794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.24177983403205872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.17230385541915894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.11748749017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1629911.1630060","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1629911.1630060","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 46th Annual Design Automation Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.4399999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1042277973","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"60236020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5802978924","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20050003083","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321592","funder_display_name":"Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8717430898","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-0829950","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337387","funder_display_name":"Division of Computing and Communication Foundations"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321592","display_name":"Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee","ror":"https://ror.org/00djwmt25"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337387","display_name":"Division of Computing and Communication Foundations","ror":"https://ror.org/01mng8331"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W608901470","https://openalex.org/W1971487103","https://openalex.org/W1977969953","https://openalex.org/W1981432979","https://openalex.org/W1983207590","https://openalex.org/W1985918017","https://openalex.org/W2001505646","https://openalex.org/W2012738031","https://openalex.org/W2044206819","https://openalex.org/W2048576827","https://openalex.org/W2066162922","https://openalex.org/W2071003187","https://openalex.org/W2090865502","https://openalex.org/W2097876246","https://openalex.org/W2099399959","https://openalex.org/W2106537813","https://openalex.org/W2121213097","https://openalex.org/W2122337686","https://openalex.org/W2123415020","https://openalex.org/W2124508862","https://openalex.org/W2125357468","https://openalex.org/W2127795402","https://openalex.org/W2134131177","https://openalex.org/W2135296375","https://openalex.org/W2140071958","https://openalex.org/W2140147371","https://openalex.org/W2144149750","https://openalex.org/W2157420334","https://openalex.org/W2158668899","https://openalex.org/W2161916920","https://openalex.org/W3150685302","https://openalex.org/W4232107238","https://openalex.org/W4255469022","https://openalex.org/W6677219477"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2595172197","https://openalex.org/W2084856301","https://openalex.org/W2127970246","https://openalex.org/W2885125400","https://openalex.org/W1001352512","https://openalex.org/W1989889224","https://openalex.org/W4382618745","https://openalex.org/W1973775000","https://openalex.org/W2748922771","https://openalex.org/W1987128138"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"On":[0],"many-core":[1,73],"chip":[2],"designs,":[3],"short,":[4],"often-multicast,":[5],"latency-critical":[6,45],"messages,":[7],"used":[8],"extensively":[9],"in":[10],"high-level":[11],"coherence":[12],"and":[13,37],"synchronization":[14],"protocols,":[15],"often":[16],"become":[17],"the":[18],"bottleneck":[19],"of":[20],"parallel":[21],"performance":[22],"scaling.":[23],"This":[24],"paper":[25],"presents":[26],"Spectrum,":[27],"a":[28,48],"hybrid":[29],"nanophotonic-electric":[30],"on-chip":[31],"network":[32,71],"that":[33],"optimizes":[34],"both":[35],"throughput":[36],"latency.":[38],"Spectrum's":[39,54],"novel":[40],"planar":[41],"nanophotonic":[42],"subnetwork":[43,58],"broadcasts":[44],"messages":[46],"through":[47],"wavelength-division":[49],"multiplexed":[50],"(WDM)":[51],"two-dimensional":[52],"waveguide.":[53],"throughput-optimized":[55],"packet-switching":[56],"electrical":[57],"handles":[59],"high":[60],"bandwidth":[61],"traffic.":[62],"Overall,":[63],"Spectrum":[64],"delivers":[65],"an":[66],"almost":[67],"ideal":[68],"CMOS-compatible":[69],"interconnection":[70],"for":[72],"systems.":[74]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}