{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2129620298","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1629607.1629613","title":"A brief history of the internet","display_name":"A brief history of the internet","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-10-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2129620298","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1629607.1629613","mag":"2129620298"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1629607.1629613","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1629607.1629613","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S66039016","display_name":"ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review","issn_l":"0146-4833","issn":["0146-4833","1943-5819"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030472224","display_name":"Barry M. Leiner","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Barry M. Leiner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Institute for Advanced, Mountainview, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute for Advanced, Mountainview, CA, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083922056","display_name":"Vinton G. Cerf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0629-093X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vinton G. Cerf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Mountain View, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Mountain View, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112073231","display_name":"David D. Clark","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2676-889X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110987","display_name":"IIT@MIT","ror":"https://ror.org/01wp8zh54","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I30771326","https://openalex.org/I4210110987"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David D. Clark","raw_affiliation_strings":["MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA","MIT, Cambridge MA, USA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110987"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT, Cambridge MA, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113732030","display_name":"Robert E. Kahn","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1311968801","display_name":"Corporation for National Research Initiatives","ror":"https://ror.org/02jdkag88","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1311968801"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert E. Kahn","raw_affiliation_strings":["CNRI, Reston, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CNRI, Reston, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1311968801"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040295629","display_name":"Leonard Kleinrock","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0662-707X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799798094","display_name":"UCLA Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01d88se56","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799798094"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leonard Kleinrock","raw_affiliation_strings":["UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799798094"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071129019","display_name":"Daniel C. Lynch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2178-919X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107239","display_name":"CyberOptics (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01j0mz257","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210107239"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel C. Lynch","raw_affiliation_strings":["CyberCash Inc, Interop, San Jose, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CyberCash Inc, Interop, San Jose, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107239"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113494010","display_name":"Jon Postel","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210103999","display_name":"Integrated Systems Incorporation (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01et00j38","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210103999"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jon Postel","raw_affiliation_strings":["USC ISI, Los Angeles, CA, USA","USC/ISI, Los Angeles, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"USC ISI, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210103999"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"USC/ISI, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210103999"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062652222","display_name":"Larry Roberts","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Larry G. Roberts","raw_affiliation_strings":["Anagran, Inc, Sunnyvale, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Anagran, Inc, Sunnyvale, CA, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110083058","display_name":"Stephen Wolff","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151281966","display_name":"Cisco Systems (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/02qy75381","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135428043","https://openalex.org/I151281966"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801562743","display_name":"Cisco College","ror":"https://ror.org/03gc7jk79","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801562743"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen Wolff","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cisco, San Jose, CA, USA",", Cisco, San Jose, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cisco, San Jose, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801562743"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":", Cisco, San Jose, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151281966"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5030472224"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":93.1022,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":971,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99976814,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"39","issue":"5","first_page":"22","last_page":"31"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12797","display_name":"History of Computing Technologies","score":0.7519999742507935,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12797","display_name":"History of Computing Technologies","score":0.7519999742507935,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12490","display_name":"Software Engineering and Design Patterns","score":0.6425999999046326,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3303","display_name":"Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12203","display_name":"Mobile Agent-Based Network Management","score":0.638700008392334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8257380723953247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.8162950277328491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rendering","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","score":0.6699298024177551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.5232835412025452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/period","display_name":"Period (music)","score":0.4140617251396179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1575794219970703}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8257380723953247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.8162950277328491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205711294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176953","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","level":2,"score":0.6699298024177551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.5232835412025452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781291010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178580","display_name":"Period (music)","level":2,"score":0.4140617251396179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1575794219970703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1629607.1629613","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1629607.1629613","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S66039016","display_name":"ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review","issn_l":"0146-4833","issn":["0146-4833","1943-5819"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1974199790","https://openalex.org/W1980084436","https://openalex.org/W2072941982","https://openalex.org/W2079490619","https://openalex.org/W2096825367","https://openalex.org/W2140912272","https://openalex.org/W4214892940","https://openalex.org/W4234524404","https://openalex.org/W4237109341","https://openalex.org/W6674577873"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2590211375","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W2350741829","https://openalex.org/W2130043461","https://openalex.org/W2530322880"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"was":[2,29],"first":[3],"published":[4],"online":[5],"by":[6],"the":[7,32,38,49,55,58,93,96,103,108],"Internet":[8,60],"Society":[9],"in":[10,17,92],"December":[11],"2003":[12],"and":[13,51],"is":[14],"being":[15],"re-published":[16],"ACM":[18],"SIGCOMM":[19],"Computer":[20],"Communication":[21],"Review":[22],"because":[23],"of":[24,34,48,57,95,102,107,111],"its":[25,35],"historic":[26],"import.":[27],"It":[28],"written":[30],"at":[31],"urging":[33],"primary":[36],"editor,":[37],"late":[39],"Barry":[40],"Leiner.":[41],"He":[42],"felt":[43],"that":[44,87],"a":[45,63],"factual":[46,75],"rendering":[47],"events":[50],"activities":[52],"associated":[53],"with":[54],"development":[56,112],"early":[59,109],"would":[61],"be":[62,84],"valuable":[64],"contribution.":[65],"The":[66],"contributing":[67],"authors":[68],"did":[69],"their":[70],"best":[71],"to":[72,83],"incorporate":[73],"only":[74],"material":[76],"into":[77],"this":[78],"document.":[79],"There":[80],"are":[81],"sure":[82],"many":[85],"details":[86],"have":[88],"not":[89],"been":[90],"captured":[91],"body":[94],"document":[97],"but":[98],"it":[99],"remains":[100],"one":[101],"most":[104],"accurate":[105],"renderings":[106],"period":[110],"available.":[113]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":49},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":45},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":46},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":45},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":53},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":55},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":46},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":52},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":48},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":49},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":41},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":48},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":46},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":43}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}