{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2018866650","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1613676.1613680","title":"Compressing and indexing labeled trees, with applications","display_name":"Compressing and indexing labeled trees, with applications","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2018866650","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1613676.1613680","mag":"2018866650"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1613676.1613680","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1613676.1613680","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S118992489","display_name":"Journal of the ACM","issn_l":"0004-5411","issn":["0004-5411","1557-735X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046786328","display_name":"Paolo Ferragina","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1353-360X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paolo Ferragina","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e0 di Pisa, Italy","Universita di Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e0 di Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universita di Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006557955","display_name":"Fabrizio Luccio","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabrizio Luccio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e0 di Pisa, Italy","Universita di Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e0 di Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universita di Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049381844","display_name":"Giovanni Manzini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5047-0196"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123338534","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale \u201cAmedeo Avogadro\u201d","ror":"https://ror.org/04387x656","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123338534"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giovanni Manzini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e0 del Piemonte Orientale, Alessandria, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e0 del Piemonte Orientale, Alessandria, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123338534"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045502987","display_name":"S. Muthukrishnan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102322142","display_name":"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey","ror":"https://ror.org/05vt9qd57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Muthukrishnan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.5475,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":154,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98543641,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"57","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"33"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11106","display_name":"Data Management and Algorithms","score":0.9909999966621399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10317","display_name":"Advanced Database Systems and Queries","score":0.9872000217437744,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6688640117645264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/search-engine-indexing","display_name":"Search engine indexing","score":0.6682071685791016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.5446202158927917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path","display_name":"Path (computing)","score":0.5074860453605652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/search-tree","display_name":"Search tree","score":0.482543408870697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.46486932039260864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4607663154602051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.4445963203907013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.44274237751960754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3068123459815979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.2712820768356323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/search-algorithm","display_name":"Search algorithm","score":0.22463345527648926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.15957829356193542}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6688640117645264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75165309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2258979","display_name":"Search engine indexing","level":2,"score":0.6682071685791016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.5446202158927917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5074860453605652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207024777","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q621673","display_name":"Search tree","level":3,"score":0.482543408870697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.46486932039260864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4607663154602051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.4445963203907013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.44274237751960754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3068123459815979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.2712820768356323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125583679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q755673","display_name":"Search algorithm","level":2,"score":0.22463345527648926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.15957829356193542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1613676.1613680","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1613676.1613680","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S118992489","display_name":"Journal of the ACM","issn_l":"0004-5411","issn":["0004-5411","1557-735X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.386.506","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.386.506","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://people.unipmn.it/manzini/papers/xbwt.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arpi.unipi.it:11568/130320","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11568/130320","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196265","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","host_organization_name":"University of Pisa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arpi.unipi.it:11568/140259","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11568/140259","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196265","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","host_organization_name":"University of Pisa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.4399999976158142,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7011247143","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DMS 0354600DMS 0354690","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337380","funder_display_name":"Division of Mathematical Sciences"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337380","display_name":"Division of Mathematical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/051fftw81"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":66,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1492896593","https://openalex.org/W1515993376","https://openalex.org/W1517592599","https://openalex.org/W1519440323","https://openalex.org/W1524920060","https://openalex.org/W1544692143","https://openalex.org/W1556371643","https://openalex.org/W1566656449","https://openalex.org/W1578080250","https://openalex.org/W1599317246","https://openalex.org/W1603565140","https://openalex.org/W1641328052","https://openalex.org/W1796946136","https://openalex.org/W1823694584","https://openalex.org/W1887246875","https://openalex.org/W1965853364","https://openalex.org/W1968228074","https://openalex.org/W1974033543","https://openalex.org/W1985174631","https://openalex.org/W2013849299","https://openalex.org/W2030774472","https://openalex.org/W2030962049","https://openalex.org/W2035902703","https://openalex.org/W2037089206","https://openalex.org/W2041445031","https://openalex.org/W2044014345","https://openalex.org/W2047342127","https://openalex.org/W2061916218","https://openalex.org/W2067974452","https://openalex.org/W2088386938","https://openalex.org/W2090829963","https://openalex.org/W2090970745","https://openalex.org/W2093788424","https://openalex.org/W2096575760","https://openalex.org/W2097589086","https://openalex.org/W2107082304","https://openalex.org/W2109464129","https://openalex.org/W2112206685","https://openalex.org/W2114623875","https://openalex.org/W2116365500","https://openalex.org/W2118486794","https://openalex.org/W2122530852","https://openalex.org/W2132555066","https://openalex.org/W2134356404","https://openalex.org/W2135432866","https://openalex.org/W2139911998","https://openalex.org/W2148113067","https://openalex.org/W2148506544","https://openalex.org/W2148659572","https://openalex.org/W2149243190","https://openalex.org/W2152354466","https://openalex.org/W2154965336","https://openalex.org/W2159647614","https://openalex.org/W2160484851","https://openalex.org/W2161403911","https://openalex.org/W2161488606","https://openalex.org/W2161967451","https://openalex.org/W2202508117","https://openalex.org/W2248756363","https://openalex.org/W2434820933","https://openalex.org/W2561675875","https://openalex.org/W2621280964","https://openalex.org/W4235095233","https://openalex.org/W4240576586","https://openalex.org/W4249653116","https://openalex.org/W6819151042"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1985727224","https://openalex.org/W2142383612","https://openalex.org/W2227684440","https://openalex.org/W2739550867","https://openalex.org/W2156833871","https://openalex.org/W2359807192","https://openalex.org/W2174962524","https://openalex.org/W2083751087","https://openalex.org/W48124421","https://openalex.org/W2915699561"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Consider":[0],"an":[1,183],"ordered,":[2],"static":[3],"tree":[4,87,107,172],"T":[5,16,33,108],"where":[6],"each":[7],"node":[8,45],"has":[9],"a":[10,28,44,72,193],"label":[11],"from":[12],"alphabet":[13],"\u03a3.":[14],"Tree":[15],"may":[17],"be":[18],"of":[19,32,43,85,91,130,171,219],"arbitrary":[20],"degree":[21],"and":[22,117,142,145,155,162,174,191,212],"shape.":[23],"Our":[24,158],"goal":[25],"is":[26,160,202,217],"designing":[27,79],"compressed":[29,134,194],"storage":[30],"scheme":[31],"that":[34],"supports":[35],"basic":[36],"navigational":[37,144],"operations":[38,65,147],"among":[39],"the":[40,83,86,89,92,105,115,118,120,123,128,131,138,169,187,206],"immediate":[41],"neighbors":[42],"(i.e.":[46],"parent,":[47],"i":[48],"th":[49],"child,":[50],"or":[51],"any":[52],"child":[53],"with":[54],"some":[55],"label,\u2026)":[56],"as":[57,59,176,178],"well":[58,177],"more":[60],"sophisticated":[61],"path":[62],"-based":[63],"search":[64],"over":[66,148],"its":[67,213],"labeled":[68,106,149],"structure.":[69],"We":[70],"present":[71],"novel":[73],"approach":[74],"to":[75,103,164,189],"this":[76],"problem":[77],"by":[78,126,209],"what":[80],"we":[81,185],"call":[82],"XBW-transform":[84,100,159,188],"in":[88,168],"spirit":[90],"well-known":[93],"Burrows-Wheeler":[94],"transform":[95],"for":[96,196],"strings":[97],"[1994].":[98],"The":[99],"uses":[101],"path-sorting":[102],"linearize":[104],"into":[109],"two":[110],"coordinated":[111],"arrays,":[112],"one":[113,207],"capturing":[114],"structure":[116],"other":[119],"labels.":[121],"For":[122],"first":[124],"time,":[125],"using":[127],"properties":[129],"XBW-transform,":[132],"our":[133],"indexes":[135],"go":[136],"beyond":[137],"information-theoretic":[139],"lower":[140],"bound,":[141],"support":[143],"path-search":[146],"trees":[150],"within":[151],"(near-)optimal":[152],"time":[153,215],"bounds":[154],"entropy-bounded":[156],"space.":[157],"simple":[161],"likely":[163],"spur":[165],"new":[166],"results":[167],"theory":[170],"compression":[173,200],"indexing,":[175],"interesting":[179],"application":[180],"contexts.":[181],"As":[182],"example,":[184],"use":[186],"design":[190],"implement":[192],"index":[195],"XML":[197],"documents":[198],"whose":[199],"ratio":[201],"significantly":[203],"better":[204],"than":[205],"achievable":[208],"state-of-the-art":[210],"tools,":[211],"query":[214],"performance":[216],"order":[218],"magnitudes":[220],"faster.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":15}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
