{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2145088298","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1600193.1600223","title":"Layout-aware limiarization for readability enhancement of degraded historical documents","display_name":"Layout-aware limiarization for readability enhancement of degraded historical documents","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-09-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2145088298","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1600193.1600223","mag":"2145088298"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1600193.1600223","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1600193.1600223","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 9th ACM symposium on Document engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009797676","display_name":"Fl\u00e1vio Bertholdo","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fl\u00e1vio Bertholdo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bertholdo Consultoria, Belo Horizonte, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bertholdo Consultoria, Belo Horizonte, Brazil","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051880838","display_name":"Eduardo Valle","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5396-9868"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eduardo Valle","raw_affiliation_strings":["UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103622466","display_name":"Arnaldo de Albuquerque Ara\u00fajo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7254-2001"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arnaldo de A. Ara\u00fajo","raw_affiliation_strings":["DCC and UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DCC and UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5363,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64148528,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"131","last_page":"134"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12549","display_name":"Image and Object Detection Techniques","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":0.982699990272522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/readability","display_name":"Readability","score":0.9263557195663452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thresholding","display_name":"Thresholding","score":0.8595988750457764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8302526473999023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6804847717285156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","score":0.6720774173736572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/document-processing","display_name":"Document processing","score":0.5590069890022278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.5356765389442444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.5351551175117493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4512740969657898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.4462328851222992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/historical-document","display_name":"Historical document","score":0.4396982491016388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.43851137161254883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.43235501646995544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4109898805618286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.3862546682357788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.33924591541290283}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778143727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820650","display_name":"Readability","level":2,"score":0.9263557195663452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191178318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2256906","display_name":"Thresholding","level":3,"score":0.8595988750457764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8302526473999023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6804847717285156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780861071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062934","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6720774173736572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67905146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5287646","display_name":"Document processing","level":2,"score":0.5590069890022278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.5356765389442444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.5351551175117493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4512740969657898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.4462328851222992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778371909","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3771738","display_name":"Historical document","level":2,"score":0.4396982491016388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.43851137161254883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.43235501646995544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4109898805618286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.3862546682357788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.33924591541290283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1600193.1600223","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1600193.1600223","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 9th ACM symposium on Document engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.5699999928474426,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","ror":"https://ror.org/00x0ma614"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322980","display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais","ror":"https://ror.org/00nc55f03"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1520959026","https://openalex.org/W1573505734","https://openalex.org/W1600276254","https://openalex.org/W2025414155","https://openalex.org/W2040068729","https://openalex.org/W2051916616","https://openalex.org/W2083931206","https://openalex.org/W2083970667","https://openalex.org/W2100405294","https://openalex.org/W2128060444","https://openalex.org/W2133003941","https://openalex.org/W2133059825"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2138983844","https://openalex.org/W1968965685","https://openalex.org/W2012792772","https://openalex.org/W2356573839","https://openalex.org/W2111883783","https://openalex.org/W2009028679","https://openalex.org/W2357424838","https://openalex.org/W2356903262","https://openalex.org/W4237142086","https://openalex.org/W2327601824"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper":[2],"we":[3],"propose":[4],"a":[5,26,57,77,111],"technique":[6,47,90],"of":[7,20,76,94,113,124],"limiarization":[8],"(also":[9],"known":[10],"as":[11],"thresholding":[12],"or":[13],"binarization)":[14],"tailored":[15],"to":[16],"improve":[17,73],"the":[18,62,68,74,122,125],"readability":[19,75],"degraded":[21,115],"historical":[22,116],"documents.":[23],"Limiarization":[24],"is":[25,32,64],"simple":[27],"image":[28,39],"processing":[29],"technique,":[30],"which":[31,61],"employed":[33],"in":[34,56,60,110],"many":[35],"complex":[36],"tasks":[37],"like":[38],"compression,":[40],"object":[41],"segmentation":[42],"and":[43,97,101],"character":[44,84],"recognition.":[45],"The":[46],"also":[48],"finds":[49],"applications":[50],"on":[51,107],"itself:":[52],"since":[53],"it":[54,70,118],"results":[55],"high-contrast":[58],"image,":[59],"foreground":[63],"clearly":[65],"separated":[66],"from":[67],"background,":[69],"can":[71],"greatly":[72],"document,":[78],"provided":[79],"that":[80],"other":[81],"attributes":[82],"(like":[83],"shape)":[85],"do":[86],"not":[87],"suffer.":[88],"Our":[89],"exploits":[91],"statistical":[92],"characteristics":[93],"textual":[95],"documents":[96],"applies":[98],"both":[99],"global":[100],"local":[102],"thresholding.":[103],"Under":[104],"visual":[105],"inspection":[106],"experiments":[108],"made":[109],"collection":[112],"severely":[114],"documents,":[117],"compares":[119],"favorably":[120],"with":[121],"state":[123],"art.":[126]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}