{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2031466562","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1597817.1597831","title":"Steganalysis by subtractive pixel adjacency matrix","display_name":"Steganalysis by subtractive pixel adjacency matrix","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-09-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2031466562","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1597817.1597831","mag":"2031466562"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1597817.1597831","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1597817.1597831","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 11th ACM workshop on Multimedia and security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059337672","display_name":"Tom\u00e1\u0161 Pevn\u00fd","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5768-9713"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106785703","display_name":"Institut polytechnique de Grenoble","ror":"https://ror.org/05sbt2524","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106785703","https://openalex.org/I899635006"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tom\u00e1\u0161 Pevn\u00fd","raw_affiliation_strings":["INPG, Grenoble, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"INPG, Grenoble, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106785703"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012748071","display_name":"Patrick Bas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0873-5872"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106785703","display_name":"Institut polytechnique de Grenoble","ror":"https://ror.org/05sbt2524","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106785703","https://openalex.org/I899635006"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick Bas","raw_affiliation_strings":["INPG, Grenoble, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"INPG, Grenoble, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106785703"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081020569","display_name":"Jessica Fridrich","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6516-628X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123946342","display_name":"Binghamton University","ror":"https://ror.org/008rmbt77","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jessica Fridrich","raw_affiliation_strings":["Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":22.2576,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":769,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99666179,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"75","last_page":"84"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steganalysis","display_name":"Steganalysis","score":0.8326201438903809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6937574744224548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-chain","display_name":"Markov chain","score":0.6665253639221191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steganography","display_name":"Steganography","score":0.6005894541740417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6001386642456055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.5492106676101685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.53514564037323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curse-of-dimensionality","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","score":0.5087924599647522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.45702123641967773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/least-significant-bit","display_name":"Least significant bit","score":0.42373138666152954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adjacency-list","display_name":"Adjacency list","score":0.42073649168014526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4155319333076477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-vector","display_name":"Feature vector","score":0.4105067849159241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.2159889042377472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.14643973112106323}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107368093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q448176","display_name":"Steganalysis","level":4,"score":0.8326201438903809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6937574744224548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.6665253639221191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108801101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15032","display_name":"Steganography","level":3,"score":0.6005894541740417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6001386642456055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.5492106676101685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.53514564037323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111030470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1430460","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","level":2,"score":0.5087924599647522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.45702123641967773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4305246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3885225","display_name":"Least significant bit","level":2,"score":0.42373138666152954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110484373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q264398","display_name":"Adjacency list","level":2,"score":0.42073649168014526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4155319333076477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.4105067849159241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2159889042377472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.14643973112106323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1597817.1597831","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1597817.1597831","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 11th ACM workshop on Multimedia and security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.44999998807907104,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W740415","https://openalex.org/W53188351","https://openalex.org/W1511029398","https://openalex.org/W1512190422","https://openalex.org/W1518402653","https://openalex.org/W1534147215","https://openalex.org/W1565541031","https://openalex.org/W1760530029","https://openalex.org/W1765283245","https://openalex.org/W1867816105","https://openalex.org/W1875845630","https://openalex.org/W1922017469","https://openalex.org/W1969171557","https://openalex.org/W1980631944","https://openalex.org/W1985113289","https://openalex.org/W1988960566","https://openalex.org/W1992263329","https://openalex.org/W2004686575","https://openalex.org/W2005288144","https://openalex.org/W2007861216","https://openalex.org/W2031466562","https://openalex.org/W2032480392","https://openalex.org/W2049562124","https://openalex.org/W2051873014","https://openalex.org/W2055741016","https://openalex.org/W2059049081","https://openalex.org/W2064123268","https://openalex.org/W2065391104","https://openalex.org/W2076312302","https://openalex.org/W2078125794","https://openalex.org/W2089860099","https://openalex.org/W2101267652","https://openalex.org/W2101954717","https://openalex.org/W2107689227","https://openalex.org/W2109943925","https://openalex.org/W2116997076","https://openalex.org/W2117500881","https://openalex.org/W2135280214","https://openalex.org/W2136492908","https://openalex.org/W2139643804","https://openalex.org/W2142604419","https://openalex.org/W2153615901","https://openalex.org/W2155485695","https://openalex.org/W2156909104","https://openalex.org/W2167999072","https://openalex.org/W2186535340","https://openalex.org/W2913337807","https://openalex.org/W4300760401","https://openalex.org/W6674935536","https://openalex.org/W6680389264"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2205085860","https://openalex.org/W2134958869","https://openalex.org/W2059133021","https://openalex.org/W2977151837","https://openalex.org/W2771684231","https://openalex.org/W2158736088","https://openalex.org/W4297776738","https://openalex.org/W2101650951","https://openalex.org/W2014913808","https://openalex.org/W4387195702"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,19,59,119],"novel":[4],"method":[5],"for":[6,35,58],"detection":[7],"of":[8,26,48,68,114,116],"steganographic":[9],"methods":[10],"that":[11,125],"embed":[12],"in":[13,131],"the":[14,69,100,112,126],"spatial":[15],"domain":[16],"by":[17,62],"adding":[18],"low-amplitude":[20],"independent":[21],"stego":[22],"signal,":[23],"an":[24],"example":[25],"which":[27],"is":[28,72,108],"LSB":[29,75],"matching.":[30],"First,":[31],"arguments":[32],"are":[33,53],"provided":[34],"modeling":[36],"differences":[37],"between":[38],"adjacent":[39],"pixels":[40],"using":[41,118],"first-order":[42],"and":[43,77,91,123],"second-order":[44,105],"Markov":[45,106],"chains.":[46],"Subsets":[47],"sample":[49],"transition":[50],"probability":[51],"matrices":[52],"then":[54],"used":[55],"as":[56],"features":[57],"steganalyzer":[60,71,82],"implemented":[61],"support":[63],"vector":[64],"machines.":[65],"The":[66,81],"accuracy":[67,85],"presented":[70],"evaluated":[73],"on":[74,104],"matching":[76],"four":[78],"different":[79],"databases.":[80],"achieves":[83],"superior":[84],"with":[86],"respect":[87],"to":[88],"prior":[89],"art":[90],"provides":[92],"stable":[93],"results":[94],"across":[95],"various":[96],"cover":[97],"sources.":[98],"Since":[99],"feature":[101,120],"set":[102],"based":[103],"chain":[107],"high-dimensional,":[109],"we":[110],"address":[111],"issue":[113],"curse":[115,127],"dimensionality":[117],"selection":[121],"algorithm":[122],"show":[124],"did":[128],"not":[129],"occur":[130],"our":[132],"experiments.":[133]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":71},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":79},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":66},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":67},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":61},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":68},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":71},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":74},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":59},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":41}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}