{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2052300761","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1592440.1592442","title":"Can direct manipulation lower the barriers to computer programming and promote transfer of training?","display_name":"Can direct manipulation lower the barriers to computer programming and promote transfer of training?","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2052300761","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1592440.1592442","mag":"2052300761"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1592440.1592442","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1592440.1592442","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S89276529","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction","issn_l":"1073-0516","issn":["1073-0516","1557-7325"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008723826","display_name":"Christopher Hundhausen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5128-905X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72951846","display_name":"Washington State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05dk0ce17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher D. Hundhausen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Washington State University, USA","Washington State University , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Washington State University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Washington State University , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087577899","display_name":"Sean Farley","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72951846","display_name":"Washington State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05dk0ce17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sean F. Farley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Washington State University, USA","Washington State University , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Washington State University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Washington State University , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026288776","display_name":"Jonathan Brown","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5540-297X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72951846","display_name":"Washington State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05dk0ce17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan L. Brown","raw_affiliation_strings":["Washington State University, USA","Washington State University , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Washington State University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Washington State University , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.8154,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":55,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96533525,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"3","first_page":"1","last_page":"40"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10731","display_name":"Educational Games and Gamification","score":0.9800000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13197","display_name":"Spreadsheets and End-User Computing","score":0.9797000288963318,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7824362516403198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/syntax","display_name":"Syntax","score":0.6773033142089844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.6614583134651184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-paradigm","display_name":"Programming paradigm","score":0.6059821248054504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/event-driven-programming","display_name":"Event-driven programming","score":0.5765675902366638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inductive-programming","display_name":"Inductive programming","score":0.5720082521438599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/procedural-programming","display_name":"Procedural programming","score":0.5267134308815002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/functional-reactive-programming","display_name":"Functional reactive programming","score":0.5185195207595825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reactive-programming","display_name":"Reactive programming","score":0.500891923904419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-programming","display_name":"Computer programming","score":0.4403524398803711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.43844354152679443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.384507417678833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.25556206703186035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.06525513529777527}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7824362516403198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60048249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37437","display_name":"Syntax","level":2,"score":0.6773033142089844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.6614583134651184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34165917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188267","display_name":"Programming paradigm","level":2,"score":0.6059821248054504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77362995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1135914","display_name":"Event-driven programming","level":5,"score":0.5765675902366638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50033165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15712089","display_name":"Inductive programming","level":3,"score":0.5720082521438599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120558287","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1418502","display_name":"Procedural programming","level":4,"score":0.5267134308815002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119489759","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5508843","display_name":"Functional reactive programming","level":5,"score":0.5185195207595825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150762246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4354073","display_name":"Reactive programming","level":4,"score":0.500891923904419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33857546","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80006","display_name":"Computer programming","level":2,"score":0.4403524398803711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.43844354152679443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.384507417678833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.25556206703186035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.06525513529777527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129307140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795880","display_name":"Maximum bubble pressure method","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157915830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2928001","display_name":"Bubble","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1592440.1592442","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1592440.1592442","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S89276529","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction","issn_l":"1073-0516","issn":["1073-0516","1557-7325"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8500000238418579,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2153921718","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"4.06E+19","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W43120215","https://openalex.org/W66097747","https://openalex.org/W205605575","https://openalex.org/W1481844408","https://openalex.org/W1492324553","https://openalex.org/W1510040192","https://openalex.org/W1553210724","https://openalex.org/W1558849540","https://openalex.org/W1597828109","https://openalex.org/W1612541191","https://openalex.org/W1808011207","https://openalex.org/W1965861669","https://openalex.org/W1967177263","https://openalex.org/W1987429368","https://openalex.org/W1988795791","https://openalex.org/W1991691398","https://openalex.org/W2001782272","https://openalex.org/W2002793381","https://openalex.org/W2003928905","https://openalex.org/W2012761058","https://openalex.org/W2013852212","https://openalex.org/W2018491908","https://openalex.org/W2018720828","https://openalex.org/W2018924648","https://openalex.org/W2019046989","https://openalex.org/W2024867010","https://openalex.org/W2029923251","https://openalex.org/W2041597138","https://openalex.org/W2048923076","https://openalex.org/W2050163083","https://openalex.org/W2051669404","https://openalex.org/W2052447280","https://openalex.org/W2062327186","https://openalex.org/W2064189581","https://openalex.org/W2067391762","https://openalex.org/W2086819345","https://openalex.org/W2092839599","https://openalex.org/W2099305423","https://openalex.org/W2099424113","https://openalex.org/W2102726964","https://openalex.org/W2104242931","https://openalex.org/W2106768374","https://openalex.org/W2107401372","https://openalex.org/W2115647291","https://openalex.org/W2126552642","https://openalex.org/W2131057562","https://openalex.org/W2132948843","https://openalex.org/W2141403362","https://openalex.org/W2144007431","https://openalex.org/W2171122695","https://openalex.org/W4232767781","https://openalex.org/W4240167100","https://openalex.org/W4242203384","https://openalex.org/W4250064391","https://openalex.org/W6629601088"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1638459424","https://openalex.org/W2189001763","https://openalex.org/W2117880445","https://openalex.org/W1943224404","https://openalex.org/W2028054608","https://openalex.org/W2003770081","https://openalex.org/W1603251058","https://openalex.org/W120952266","https://openalex.org/W2362300142","https://openalex.org/W2056452941"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Novices":[0],"face":[1],"many":[2],"barriers":[3,82],"when":[4],"learning":[5,50],"to":[6,13,34,56,59,83,93,115,151,175],"program":[7,60],"a":[8,16,20,102,132,172],"computer,":[9],"including":[10],"the":[11,48,53,67,80,87,117,124,139,152],"need":[12],"learn":[14],"both":[15],"new":[17,103],"syntax":[18,26],"and":[19,27,110,120,155],"model":[21],"of":[22,52],"computation.":[23],"By":[24],"constraining":[25],"providing":[28],"concrete":[29],"visual":[30],"representations":[31],"on":[32],"which":[33],"operate,":[35],"direct":[36,75,104,125,140,165],"manipulation":[37,76,105,126,141,166],"programming":[38,77,106,118,134,147,159],"environments":[39,78],"can":[40,168],"potentially":[41],"lower":[42,79],"these":[43],"barriers.":[44],"However,":[45],"what":[46],"if":[47],"ultimate":[49],"goal":[51],"novice":[54],"is":[55,66],"be":[57],"able":[58],"in":[61,158],"conventional":[62],"textual":[63,94,133,153,177],"languages,":[64],"as":[65],"case":[68],"for":[69,108],"introductory":[70],"computer":[71],"science":[72],"students?":[73],"Can":[74],"initial":[81,146],"programming,":[84],"and,":[85],"at":[86],"same":[88],"time,":[89],"facilitate":[90],"positive":[91,149],"transfer":[92,150],"programming?":[95],"To":[96],"address":[97],"this":[98],"question,":[99],"we":[100],"designed":[101],"interface":[107,127,142],"novices,":[109],"conducted":[111],"an":[112],"experimental":[113],"study":[114],"compare":[116],"processes":[119],"outcomes":[121],"promoted":[122,130,143],"by":[123,131],"against":[128],"those":[129],"interface.":[135],"We":[136],"found":[137],"that":[138,164],"significantly":[144],"better":[145],"outcomes,":[148],"interface,":[154],"significant":[156],"differences":[157],"processes.":[160],"Our":[161],"results":[162],"show":[163],"interfaces":[167],"provide":[169],"novices":[170],"with":[171],"\u201cway":[173],"in\u201d":[174],"traditional":[176],"programming.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}