{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2150189917","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1592434.1592436","title":"Formal methods","display_name":"Formal methods","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2150189917","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1592434.1592436","mag":"2150189917"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1592434.1592436","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1592434.1592436","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://purl.org/net/epubs/work/50220","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006626759","display_name":"Jim Woodcock","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7955-2702"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52099693","display_name":"University of York","ror":"https://ror.org/04m01e293","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jim Woodcock","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of York, Heslington, York, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of York, Heslington, York, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037561273","display_name":"Peter Gorm Larsen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4589-1500"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I30867006","display_name":"Aarhus School of Architecture","ror":"https://ror.org/05gs3fb07","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I30867006"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Gorm Larsen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering College of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering College of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I30867006"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001780877","display_name":"Juan Bicarregui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5250-7653"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1286704778","display_name":"Rutherford Appleton Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/03gq8fr08","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1286704778","https://openalex.org/I162524378","https://openalex.org/I4210087105"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juan Bicarregui","raw_affiliation_strings":["STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxfordshire, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxfordshire, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1286704778"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010908991","display_name":"John Fitzgerald","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7041-1807"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84884186","display_name":"Newcastle University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj2bm70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Fitzgerald","raw_affiliation_strings":["Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006626759"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":37.4609,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":660,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99950065,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"41","issue":"4","first_page":"1","last_page":"36"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8381837010383606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-methods","display_name":"Formal methods","score":0.7300670146942139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.5602944493293762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-specification","display_name":"Formal specification","score":0.42442595958709717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-verification","display_name":"Formal verification","score":0.41372743248939514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3257651627063751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.15890640020370483}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8381837010383606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75606506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049183","display_name":"Formal methods","level":2,"score":0.7300670146942139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.5602944493293762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116253237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437424","display_name":"Formal specification","level":2,"score":0.42442595958709717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111498074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173326","display_name":"Formal verification","level":2,"score":0.41372743248939514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3257651627063751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.15890640020370483}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1592434.1592436","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1592434.1592436","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:epubs.cclrc.ac.uk:work/50220","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"http://purl.org/net/epubs/work/50220","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400334","display_name":"Science and Technology Facilities Council","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/9a1e6606-7c48-4c92-abd5-46824ec0fd36","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/1592434.1592436","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Woodcock, J, Larsen, P G, Bicarregui, J & Fitzgerald, J 2009, 'Formal Methods: Practice and Experience', A C M Computing Surveys, vol. 41, no. 4, 19, pp. 1-36. https://doi.org/10.1145/1592434.1592436","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:3438105","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/3438105","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:epubs.cclrc.ac.uk:work/50220","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"http://purl.org/net/epubs/work/50220","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400334","display_name":"Science and Technology Facilities Council","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","score":0.4000000059604645}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7191280002","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/G061947/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7623947960","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/E035329/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8912027332","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/E025366/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308943","display_name":"Microsoft Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322516","display_name":"Santen","ror":"https://ror.org/032msy923"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2150189917.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2150189917.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":158,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W8555830","https://openalex.org/W11037764","https://openalex.org/W31584174","https://openalex.org/W68069235","https://openalex.org/W71359207","https://openalex.org/W101138532","https://openalex.org/W111098712","https://openalex.org/W132594803","https://openalex.org/W144978143","https://openalex.org/W183985786","https://openalex.org/W561010694","https://openalex.org/W820752735","https://openalex.org/W1481397690","https://openalex.org/W1487815041","https://openalex.org/W1495368328","https://openalex.org/W1495752199","https://openalex.org/W1499226144","https://openalex.org/W1500861306","https://openalex.org/W1509650477","https://openalex.org/W1513889636","https://openalex.org/W1515197172","https://openalex.org/W1523724142","https://openalex.org/W1525223041","https://openalex.org/W1525504172","https://openalex.org/W1527688737","https://openalex.org/W1530768820","https://openalex.org/W1531531636","https://openalex.org/W1534850143","https://openalex.org/W1536956420","https://openalex.org/W1539432158","https://openalex.org/W1542358180","https://openalex.org/W1554683232","https://openalex.org/W1554863622","https://openalex.org/W1559870885","https://openalex.org/W1564123263","https://openalex.org/W1571865305","https://openalex.org/W1575236906","https://openalex.org/W1579092995","https://openalex.org/W1582439588","https://openalex.org/W1584289259","https://openalex.org/W1586402599","https://openalex.org/W1588335385","https://openalex.org/W1590504265","https://openalex.org/W1601167865","https://openalex.org/W1603233098","https://openalex.org/W1605872579","https://openalex.org/W1625345750","https://openalex.org/W1645632559","https://openalex.org/W1709963091","https://openalex.org/W1748251377","https://openalex.org/W1807555267","https://openalex.org/W1819989006","https://openalex.org/W1820816404","https://openalex.org/W1824578878","https://openalex.org/W1830161078","https://openalex.org/W1830889901","https://openalex.org/W1853368733","https://openalex.org/W1903955310","https://openalex.org/W1930200668","https://openalex.org/W1943502734","https://openalex.org/W1964830323","https://openalex.org/W1972153061","https://openalex.org/W1985804037","https://openalex.org/W1986552645","https://openalex.org/W1989688706","https://openalex.org/W2003313790","https://openalex.org/W2009752377","https://openalex.org/W2011444209","https://openalex.org/W2011606665","https://openalex.org/W2016976065","https://openalex.org/W2020395879","https://openalex.org/W2034717157","https://openalex.org/W2038280905","https://openalex.org/W2039171566","https://openalex.org/W2049704651","https://openalex.org/W2049937229","https://openalex.org/W2053461707","https://openalex.org/W2060921624","https://openalex.org/W2066210260","https://openalex.org/W2067544274","https://openalex.org/W2069300761","https://openalex.org/W2075680193","https://openalex.org/W2077359497","https://openalex.org/W2081380714","https://openalex.org/W2082000355","https://openalex.org/W2084974764","https://openalex.org/W2087713039","https://openalex.org/W2097204570","https://openalex.org/W2101591864","https://openalex.org/W2102326401","https://openalex.org/W2103714221","https://openalex.org/W2104961083","https://openalex.org/W2110050316","https://openalex.org/W2112601936","https://openalex.org/W2114754412","https://openalex.org/W2116352900","https://openalex.org/W2116939169","https://openalex.org/W2119696713","https://openalex.org/W2121277374","https://openalex.org/W2126198610","https://openalex.org/W2128946806","https://openalex.org/W2131377110","https://openalex.org/W2139555094","https://openalex.org/W2144973245","https://openalex.org/W2145321007","https://openalex.org/W2146455667","https://openalex.org/W2147382989","https://openalex.org/W2155918134","https://openalex.org/W2157279226","https://openalex.org/W2163059606","https://openalex.org/W2163743319","https://openalex.org/W2166230870","https://openalex.org/W2169325581","https://openalex.org/W2170486381","https://openalex.org/W2170736936","https://openalex.org/W2265267050","https://openalex.org/W2293797831","https://openalex.org/W2318940639","https://openalex.org/W2478055516","https://openalex.org/W2497254976","https://openalex.org/W2502504728","https://openalex.org/W2535164759","https://openalex.org/W2561675875","https://openalex.org/W2564567588","https://openalex.org/W2586827263","https://openalex.org/W2589217375","https://openalex.org/W2610938110","https://openalex.org/W2762588455","https://openalex.org/W2979730858","https://openalex.org/W2987907651","https://openalex.org/W2999818597","https://openalex.org/W3000555422","https://openalex.org/W3018464802","https://openalex.org/W3021098898","https://openalex.org/W3023216518","https://openalex.org/W3100198463","https://openalex.org/W3128428728","https://openalex.org/W3142773600","https://openalex.org/W3144368627","https://openalex.org/W3145637508","https://openalex.org/W3146075203","https://openalex.org/W4210379884","https://openalex.org/W4212811695","https://openalex.org/W4230958226","https://openalex.org/W4242080301","https://openalex.org/W4256715369","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4296471858","https://openalex.org/W6601269264","https://openalex.org/W6604178829","https://openalex.org/W6632596334","https://openalex.org/W6638306832","https://openalex.org/W6640311401","https://openalex.org/W6667847518","https://openalex.org/W6675072983","https://openalex.org/W6676995014","https://openalex.org/W6681126893","https://openalex.org/W6776724332"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2145025660","https://openalex.org/W2171674700","https://openalex.org/W1922520186","https://openalex.org/W1544097700","https://openalex.org/W1946493810","https://openalex.org/W1495250406","https://openalex.org/W1911633385","https://openalex.org/W61995002","https://openalex.org/W17088386","https://openalex.org/W1608485412"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Formal":[0],"methods":[1],"use":[2,26,34],"mathematical":[3],"models":[4],"for":[5],"analysis":[6],"and":[7,41,88,96,120,147],"verification":[8],"at":[9,35],"any":[10],"part":[11,129],"of":[12,20,27,39,52,75,78,85,98,111,124,130],"the":[13,18,21,24,36,56,61,68,76,105,108,118,122,131,138,145,149],"program":[14],"life-cycle.":[15],"We":[16,43,72,136],"describe":[17,73,121,148],"state":[19],"art":[22],"in":[23,58],"industrial":[25,53,86,109],"formal":[28,112],"methods,":[29],"concentrating":[30],"on":[31,48,101],"their":[32],"increasing":[33],"earlier":[37],"stages":[38],"specification":[40],"design.":[42],"do":[44],"this":[45],"by":[46,81],"reporting":[47],"a":[49,83,125],"new":[50],"survey":[51,80],"use,":[54],"comparing":[55],"situation":[57],"2009":[59],"with":[60],"most":[62],"significant":[63],"surveys":[64,95],"carried":[65],"out":[66],"over":[67],"last":[69],"20":[70],"years.":[71],"some":[74,91],"highlights":[77],"our":[79],"presenting":[82],"series":[84],"projects,":[87],"we":[89,103,115],"draw":[90],"observations":[92],"from":[93],"these":[94],"records":[97],"experience.":[99],"Based":[100],"this,":[102],"discuss":[104],"issues":[106],"surrounding":[107],"adoption":[110],"methods.":[113],"Finally,":[114],"look":[116],"to":[117,143],"future":[119],"development":[123],"Verified":[126,133],"Software":[127,134],"Repository,":[128],"worldwide":[132],"Initiative.":[135],"introduce":[137],"initial":[139],"projects":[140],"being":[141],"used":[142],"populate":[144],"repository,":[146],"challenges":[150],"they":[151],"address.":[152]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":56},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":44},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":58},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":68},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":64},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":46}],"updated_date":"2026-04-11T08:14:18.477133","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
