{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2146366522","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1577802.1577808","title":"Language independent thresholding optimization using a Gaussian mixture modelling of the character shapes","display_name":"Language independent thresholding optimization using a Gaussian mixture modelling of the character shapes","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-07-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2146366522","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1577802.1577808","mag":"2146366522"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1577802.1577808","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1577802.1577808","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the International Workshop on Multilingual OCR","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008505214","display_name":"Yves Rangoni","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33256026","display_name":"German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/01ayc5b57","country_code":"DE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yves Rangoni","raw_affiliation_strings":["German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI) GmbH","German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, DFKI GmbH,#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI) GmbH","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, DFKI GmbH,#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031352936","display_name":"Joost van Beusekom","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153267046","display_name":"University of Kaiserslautern","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrf7b53","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joost van Beusekom","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088840119","display_name":"Thomas M. Breuel","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153267046","display_name":"University of Kaiserslautern","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrf7b53","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33256026","display_name":"German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/01ayc5b57","country_code":"DE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas M. Breuel","raw_affiliation_strings":["German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI) GmbH and Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany","German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI) GmbH and Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI) GmbH and Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33256026","https://openalex.org/I153267046"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI) GmbH and Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008505214"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.18436353,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thresholding","display_name":"Thresholding","score":0.895133912563324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7836887240409851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digitization","display_name":"Digitization","score":0.7581487894058228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","score":0.6593174934387207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6428025960922241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.5710656642913818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-character-recognition","display_name":"Optical character recognition","score":0.5633711814880371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.5405548810958862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5304985046386719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5299074649810791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian-process","display_name":"Gaussian process","score":0.4400152266025543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian","display_name":"Gaussian","score":0.4152162969112396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character-recognition","display_name":"Character recognition","score":0.4144146144390106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.40325334668159485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3432641327381134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.130479633808136}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191178318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2256906","display_name":"Thresholding","level":3,"score":0.895133912563324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7836887240409851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779308522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q843958","display_name":"Digitization","level":2,"score":0.7581487894058228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780861071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062934","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6593174934387207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6428025960922241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5710656642913818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C546480517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Optical character recognition","level":3,"score":0.5633711814880371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5405548810958862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5304985046386719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5299074649810791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61326573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1496376","display_name":"Gaussian process","level":3,"score":0.4400152266025543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.4152162969112396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987247673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Character recognition","level":3,"score":0.4144146144390106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.40325334668159485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3432641327381134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.130479633808136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1577802.1577808","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1577802.1577808","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the International Workshop on Multilingual OCR","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4399999976158142,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W31532292","https://openalex.org/W1882809644","https://openalex.org/W1951707349","https://openalex.org/W1993557076","https://openalex.org/W2001642682","https://openalex.org/W2005008005","https://openalex.org/W2021795960","https://openalex.org/W2045473784","https://openalex.org/W2049633694","https://openalex.org/W2095747918","https://openalex.org/W2096832794","https://openalex.org/W2097927681","https://openalex.org/W2103387472","https://openalex.org/W2128060444","https://openalex.org/W2133003941","https://openalex.org/W2133059825","https://openalex.org/W2142866846","https://openalex.org/W2148539800","https://openalex.org/W2153394113","https://openalex.org/W2158187147","https://openalex.org/W2159934666","https://openalex.org/W2397287727","https://openalex.org/W2950186769","https://openalex.org/W6712183789"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2129389683","https://openalex.org/W179947483","https://openalex.org/W4312612713","https://openalex.org/W1653927288","https://openalex.org/W2042634493","https://openalex.org/W2728450881","https://openalex.org/W2100798736","https://openalex.org/W2481236784","https://openalex.org/W4383748232","https://openalex.org/W2085262576"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"One":[0],"of":[1,12,51,58,72],"the":[2,10,13,56,59,70],"first":[3],"steps":[4,19],"in":[5],"a":[6,29,75,85],"digitization":[7],"process":[8],"is":[9,88],"binarization":[11],"document":[14,47],"image.":[15],"The":[16],"major":[17],"further":[18],"like":[20],"layout":[21],"analysis,":[22],"line":[23],"extraction,":[24],"and":[25,31],"text":[26,60],"recognition":[27],"assume":[28],"black":[30],"white":[32],"image":[33],"as":[34],"input.":[35],"Several":[36],"thresholding":[37],"methods":[38],"have":[39],"been":[40],"proposed":[41],"to":[42],"handle":[43],"this":[44],"problem":[45],"for":[46],"images,":[48],"but":[49],"few":[50],"them":[52],"take":[53],"into":[54],"account":[55],"behaviour":[57],"recognizer.":[61],"They":[62],"often":[63],"rely":[64],"on":[65,69,80],"parameters":[66],"that":[67],"depend":[68],"class":[71],"documents.":[73],"In":[74],"large-scale":[76],"process,":[77],"neither":[78],"relying":[79],"empirical":[81],"assumptions":[82],"nor":[83],"using":[84],"manual":[86],"tuning":[87],"conceivable.":[89]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
