{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1992570401","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1572272.1572295","title":"Automatic system testing of programs without test oracles","display_name":"Automatic system testing of programs without test oracles","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-07-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1992570401","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1572272.1572295","mag":"1992570401"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1572272.1572295","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1572272.1572295","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the eighteenth international symposium on Software testing and analysis","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.7916/d83x8dgj","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002151898","display_name":"Christian Murphy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6420-698X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Murphy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Columbia University, New York, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia University, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034104577","display_name":"Kuang Shen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kuang Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Columbia University, New York, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia University, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090171418","display_name":"Gail E. Kaiser","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8791-1178"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gail Kaiser","raw_affiliation_strings":["Columbia University, New York, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia University, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.1791,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":85,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95426516,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"189","last_page":"200"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7090531587600708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.6587029099464417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test","display_name":"Test (biology)","score":0.5613824725151062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.507935106754303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-assurance","display_name":"Quality assurance","score":0.47824302315711975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.40913134813308716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.3798682689666748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.0806947648525238}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7090531587600708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.6587029099464417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5613824725151062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.507935106754303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106436119","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q836575","display_name":"Quality assurance","level":3,"score":0.47824302315711975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.40913134813308716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.3798682689666748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0806947648525238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778618615","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4008393","display_name":"External quality assessment","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1572272.1572295","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1572272.1572295","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the eighteenth international symposium on Software testing and analysis","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.184.6267","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.184.6267","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.psl.cs.columbia.edu/publications/pubs/Murphy-Amsterdam-ISSTA2009.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.966.6053","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.966.6053","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://academiccommons.columbia.edu/download/fedora_content/download/ac%3A127641/CONTENT/cucs-006-09.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:academiccommons.columbia.edu:10.7916/D83X8DGJ","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7916/D83X8DGJ","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402601","display_name":"Columbia Academic Commons (Columbia University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","host_organization_name":"Columbia University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Reports"},{"id":"doi:10.7916/d83x8dgj","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7916/d83x8dgj","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402601","display_name":"Columbia Academic Commons (Columbia University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","host_organization_name":"Columbia University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.7916/d83x8dgj","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7916/d83x8dgj","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402601","display_name":"Columbia Academic Commons (Columbia University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","host_organization_name":"Columbia University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W740415","https://openalex.org/W82250859","https://openalex.org/W854322902","https://openalex.org/W1504694836","https://openalex.org/W1512098439","https://openalex.org/W1519683776","https://openalex.org/W1536836263","https://openalex.org/W1556520454","https://openalex.org/W1563852023","https://openalex.org/W1570448133","https://openalex.org/W1596324102","https://openalex.org/W1608397552","https://openalex.org/W1806542535","https://openalex.org/W1971991620","https://openalex.org/W1977912468","https://openalex.org/W1995047796","https://openalex.org/W1996839061","https://openalex.org/W2013711971","https://openalex.org/W2015999522","https://openalex.org/W2043998723","https://openalex.org/W2060440626","https://openalex.org/W2068342701","https://openalex.org/W2084812512","https://openalex.org/W2103318645","https://openalex.org/W2110441383","https://openalex.org/W2116065364","https://openalex.org/W2116409384","https://openalex.org/W2118577607","https://openalex.org/W2125055259","https://openalex.org/W2129304537","https://openalex.org/W2130169574","https://openalex.org/W2137210015","https://openalex.org/W2148306883","https://openalex.org/W2156300645","https://openalex.org/W2156909104","https://openalex.org/W2157801087","https://openalex.org/W2157825442","https://openalex.org/W2162120832","https://openalex.org/W2168565110","https://openalex.org/W2966207845","https://openalex.org/W4245001969","https://openalex.org/W4253606798","https://openalex.org/W6636153910","https://openalex.org/W6648974641","https://openalex.org/W6661496416"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1585007175","https://openalex.org/W2382521049","https://openalex.org/W2144385241","https://openalex.org/W4253593777","https://openalex.org/W4389096689","https://openalex.org/W2951497643","https://openalex.org/W11269544","https://openalex.org/W3101625811","https://openalex.org/W2165950148","https://openalex.org/W4300101996"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Metamorphic":[0],"testing":[1],"has":[2],"been":[3],"shown":[4],"to":[5,33,53],"be":[6,40,77],"a":[7,60,116],"simple":[8],"yet":[9],"effective":[10],"technique":[11],"in":[12,58],"addressing":[13],"the":[14,36,65,68,81,107,112],"quality":[15],"assurance":[16],"of":[17],"applications":[18],"that":[19,74,98],"do":[20],"not":[21,110],"have":[22],"test":[23,48,56],"oracles,":[24],"i.e.,":[25],"for":[26,41],"which":[27],"it":[28],"is":[29,51,127],"difficult":[30],"or":[31,123],"impossible":[32],"know":[34],"what":[35],"correct":[37],"output":[38,73,90],"should":[39,70],"arbitrary":[42],"input.":[43],"In":[44],"metamorphic":[45],"testing,":[46],"existing":[47],"case":[49],"input":[50,87,95],"modified":[52],"produce":[54,71,111],"new":[55,66],"cases":[57],"such":[59,97],"manner":[61],"that,":[62],"when":[63],"given":[64],"input,":[67],"application":[69,108],"an":[72],"can":[75,100],"easily":[76],"computed":[78],"based":[79,103],"on":[80,104],"original":[82],"output.":[83],"That":[84],"is,":[85],"if":[86,106],"x":[88],"produces":[89],"f(x),":[91,122],"then":[92,115],"we":[93,99],"create":[94],"x'":[96],"predict":[101],"f(x')":[102,124],"f(x);":[105],"does":[109],"expected":[113],"output,":[114],"defect":[117],"must":[118],"exist,":[119],"and":[120],"either":[121],"(or":[125],"both)":[126],"wrong.":[128]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
