{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2148972377","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1571941.1572114","title":"Reciprocal rank fusion outperforms condorcet and individual rank learning methods","display_name":"Reciprocal rank fusion outperforms condorcet and individual rank learning methods","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-07-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2148972377","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1571941.1572114","mag":"2148972377"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1571941.1572114","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1571941.1572114","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 32nd international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084091807","display_name":"Gordon V. Cormack","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5890-0293"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gordon V. Cormack","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037737168","display_name":"Charles L. A. Clarke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8178-9194"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charles L A Clarke","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074915347","display_name":"Stefan Buettcher","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefan Buettcher","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Mountain View, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Mountain View, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084091807"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.2907,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":527,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9853611,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"758","last_page":"759"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11550","display_name":"Text and Document Classification Technologies","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11550","display_name":"Text and Document Classification Technologies","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9873999953269958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10286","display_name":"Information Retrieval and Search Behavior","score":0.9828000068664551,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reciprocal","display_name":"Reciprocal","score":0.8378424644470215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/condorcet-method","display_name":"Condorcet method","score":0.8278356790542603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rank","display_name":"Rank (graph theory)","score":0.8093258738517761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6227071285247803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.5667626261711121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-reciprocal-rank","display_name":"Mean reciprocal rank","score":0.5598724484443665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion","display_name":"Fusion","score":0.5542282462120056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuse","display_name":"Fuse (electrical)","score":0.5090593695640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.46864789724349976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-to-rank","display_name":"Learning to rank","score":0.43343642354011536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.33785396814346313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2745469808578491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranking","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","score":0.23269477486610413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.1122376024723053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.07651367783546448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voting","display_name":"Voting","score":0.07518008351325989}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777742833","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1964083","display_name":"Reciprocal","level":2,"score":0.8378424644470215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140940377","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868720","display_name":"Condorcet method","level":4,"score":0.8278356790542603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164226766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293202","display_name":"Rank (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.8093258738517761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6227071285247803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5667626261711121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44083865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3853443","display_name":"Mean reciprocal rank","level":2,"score":0.5598724484443665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.5542282462120056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141353440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182221","display_name":"Fuse (electrical)","level":2,"score":0.5090593695640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.46864789724349976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86037889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4330127","display_name":"Learning to rank","level":3,"score":0.43343642354011536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.33785396814346313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2745469808578491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189430467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293293","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","level":2,"score":0.23269477486610413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.1122376024723053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.07651367783546448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520049643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189760","display_name":"Voting","level":3,"score":0.07518008351325989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1571941.1572114","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1571941.1572114","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 32nd international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.150.2291","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.150.2291","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://plg.uwaterloo.ca/~gvcormac/cormacksigir09-rrf.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W135190683","https://openalex.org/W2047221353","https://openalex.org/W2108862644","https://openalex.org/W2142537246","https://openalex.org/W2146081744","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2954428433","https://openalex.org/W2292998346","https://openalex.org/W2293317945","https://openalex.org/W2944454640","https://openalex.org/W2970060060","https://openalex.org/W4323349240","https://openalex.org/W143007064","https://openalex.org/W2513089531","https://openalex.org/W4246628364","https://openalex.org/W2148972377"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Reciprocal":[0],"Rank":[1],"Fusion":[2],"(RRF),":[3],"a":[4,51],"simple":[5],"method":[6,30,64],"for":[7],"combining":[8],"the":[9,28,42,55],"document":[10],"rankings":[11],"from":[12],"multiple":[13],"IR":[14],"systems,":[15],"consistently":[16],"yields":[17],"better":[18,25,59],"results":[19,26,43],"than":[20,27,60],"any":[21,61],"individual":[22],"system,":[23],"and":[24,48],"standard":[29],"Condorcet":[31],"Fuse.":[32],"This":[33],"result":[34],"is":[35],"demonstrated":[36],"by":[37],"using":[38],"RRF":[39],"to":[40,49],"combine":[41],"of":[44],"several":[45],"TREC":[46],"experiments,":[47],"build":[50],"meta-learner":[52],"that":[53],"ranks":[54],"LETOR":[56],"3":[57],"dataset":[58],"previously":[62],"reported":[63]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":82},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":55},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":54},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":41},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":14}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
