{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2166196154","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1568234.1568239","title":"A next step towards automated modelling of sources of law","display_name":"A next step towards automated modelling of sources of law","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-06-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2166196154","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1568234.1568239","mag":"2166196154"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1568234.1568239","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1568234.1568239","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049429561","display_name":"Emile de Maat","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887064364","display_name":"University of Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/04dkp9463","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Emile de Maat","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015400892","display_name":"Radboud Winkels","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2534-1595"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887064364","display_name":"University of Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/04dkp9463","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Radboud Winkels","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5049429561"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.8543,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97711908,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"31","last_page":"39"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14012","display_name":"Comparative and International Law Studies","score":0.9656999707221985,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9390000104904175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7807339429855347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/categorization","display_name":"Categorization","score":0.7645038366317749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentence","display_name":"Sentence","score":0.7568544149398804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parsing","display_name":"Parsing","score":0.7247572541236877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.6417493224143982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.633719801902771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6333993673324585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal","display_name":"Principal (computer security)","score":0.5808764100074768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legislation","display_name":"Legislation","score":0.4484468102455139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.30448824167251587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.07223930954933167}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7807339429855347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.7645038366317749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.7568544149398804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186644900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194152","display_name":"Parsing","level":2,"score":0.7247572541236877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.6417493224143982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.633719801902771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6333993673324585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144559511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2986279","display_name":"Principal (computer security)","level":2,"score":0.5808764100074768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777351106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49371","display_name":"Legislation","level":2,"score":0.4484468102455139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.30448824167251587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.07223930954933167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1568234.1568239","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1568234.1568239","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dare.uva.nl:publications/1d39da5b-7b36-410c-8fab-996f1d2fea60","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://handle.uba.uva.nl/personal/pure/en/publications/a-next-step-towards-automated-modelling-of-sources-of-law(1d39da5b-7b36-410c-8fab-996f1d2fea60).html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400088","display_name":"UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I887064364","host_organization_name":"University of Amsterdam","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"de Maat, E & Winkels, R 2009, A next step towards automated modelling of sources of law. in ICAIL '09 : proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law : Barcelona, Spain, June 08-12, 2009. ACM International Conference Proceedings Series, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, pp. 31-39, 12th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law: ICAIL 2009, 8/06/08. https://doi.org/10.1145/1568234.1568239","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:uvapub:oai:dare.uva.nl:publications/1d39da5b-7b36-410c-8fab-996f1d2fea60","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://dare.uva.nl/personal/pure/en/publications/a-next-step-towards-automated-modelling-of-sources-of-law(1d39da5b-7b36-410c-8fab-996f1d2fea60).html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401843","display_name":"Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1322597698","host_organization_name":"Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322597698"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ICAIL '09 : proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law: Barcelona, Spain, June 08-12, 2009, 31 - 39","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferencepaper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.7900000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W155331829","https://openalex.org/W158520801","https://openalex.org/W1514981065","https://openalex.org/W1574901103","https://openalex.org/W1605121721","https://openalex.org/W2031745026","https://openalex.org/W2063112000","https://openalex.org/W2100284327","https://openalex.org/W2132080559","https://openalex.org/W2169822493","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6685038278","https://openalex.org/W6686857171"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2165912799","https://openalex.org/W2735662278","https://openalex.org/W2382615723","https://openalex.org/W4311804456","https://openalex.org/W1987484445","https://openalex.org/W2623658258","https://openalex.org/W2143413548","https://openalex.org/W1969219540","https://openalex.org/W2370459448","https://openalex.org/W2105067402"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"ultimate":[1],"goal":[2],"of":[3,14,16,19,27,36,52,72,78,86,92,122,136,143],"the":[4,20,24,45,50,70,113,141],"research":[5],"line":[6],"described":[7],"here":[8],"is":[9,23],"support":[10],"for":[11,96],"automated":[12],"modelling":[13],"sources":[15],"law.":[17],"One":[18],"first":[21],"steps":[22],"automatic":[25,61,76],"recognition":[26],"norms.":[28],"In":[29,65],"earlier":[30],"work":[31],"we":[32,68],"presented":[33],"a":[34,90,107],"categorization":[35],"norms":[37],"or":[38],"provisions":[39],"in":[40,74,115],"legislation.":[41],"We":[42,80],"claimed":[43],"that":[44,57],"categories":[46,85,98],"are":[47],"characterized":[48],"by":[49],"use":[51],"typical":[53],"sentence":[54,94],"structures":[55,95],"and":[56,63,88,145],"this":[58,66],"would":[59],"enable":[60],"detection":[62],"classification.":[64],"paper":[67],"present":[69],"results":[71],"experiments":[73],"such":[75],"classification":[77],"provisions.":[79],"have":[81],"defined":[82],"fourteen":[83],"different":[84,117],"provisions,":[87],"compiled":[89],"list":[91],"88":[93],"those":[97],"from":[99],"twenty":[100],"Dutch":[101,118],"laws.":[102],"Based":[103],"on":[104],"these":[105],"structures,":[106],"parser":[108],"was":[109],"used":[110],"to":[111],"classify":[112],"sentences":[114,124],"fifteen":[116],"laws,":[119],"classifying":[120],"91%":[121],"592":[123],"correctly.":[125],"It":[126],"compares":[127],"well":[128],"with":[129],"other,":[130],"statistical":[131],"approaches.":[132],"An":[133],"important":[134],"improvement":[135],"our":[137],"classifier":[138],"will":[139],"be":[140],"distinction":[142],"principal":[144],"auxiliary":[146],"sentences.":[147]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-15T09:29:46.208133","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}