{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2158758016","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1562164.1562197","title":"The state of corporate website accessibility","display_name":"The state of corporate website accessibility","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-08-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2158758016","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1562164.1562197","mag":"2158758016"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1562164.1562197","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1562164.1562197","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103482838","display_name":"Communications of the ACM","issn_l":"0001-0782","issn":["0001-0782","1557-7317"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007944010","display_name":"Eleanor T. Loiacono","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4059-702X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107077323","display_name":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05ejpqr48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eleanor T. Loiacono","raw_affiliation_strings":["Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067063809","display_name":"Nicholas Romano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2765-4912"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147735","display_name":"Oklahoma State University at Tulsa","ror":"https://ror.org/045zgf584","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210147735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicholas C. Romano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, OK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, OK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147735"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051761170","display_name":"Scott McCoy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1217-787X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16285277","display_name":"William & Mary","ror":"https://ror.org/03hsf0573","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16285277"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I267592682","display_name":"Williams (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/007zhvp17","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I267592682"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Scott McCoy","raw_affiliation_strings":["The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16285277","https://openalex.org/I267592682"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.7923,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":65,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98627685,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"52","issue":"9","first_page":"128","last_page":"132"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12481","display_name":"Digital Accessibility for Disabilities","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3307","display_name":"Human Factors and Ergonomics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12481","display_name":"Digital Accessibility for Disabilities","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3307","display_name":"Human Factors and Ergonomics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/census","display_name":"Census","score":0.7084779739379883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.5922490954399109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-accessibility","display_name":"Web accessibility","score":0.4973140060901642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.4365948438644409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.3488647937774658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3486260771751404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.3399480879306793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demography","display_name":"Demography","score":0.28326547145843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.2517033815383911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.2343440055847168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.21608811616897583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.18722832202911377}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52130261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39825","display_name":"Census","level":3,"score":0.7084779739379883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5922490954399109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194669863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q808932","display_name":"Web accessibility","level":4,"score":0.4973140060901642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4365948438644409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.3488647937774658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3486260771751404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.3399480879306793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.28326547145843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.2517033815383911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2343440055847168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.21608811616897583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.18722832202911377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182321512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1153289","display_name":"Web standards","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1562164.1562197","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1562164.1562197","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103482838","display_name":"Communications of the ACM","issn_l":"0001-0782","issn":["0001-0782","1557-7317"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5099999904632568,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1991473847","https://openalex.org/W2010993431","https://openalex.org/W2021079758","https://openalex.org/W2050605333","https://openalex.org/W2078044920","https://openalex.org/W2132874317","https://openalex.org/W2158072261","https://openalex.org/W2221727122","https://openalex.org/W3121392541"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2128472366","https://openalex.org/W1512152715","https://openalex.org/W621243299","https://openalex.org/W5594354","https://openalex.org/W1922010488","https://openalex.org/W2601163983","https://openalex.org/W2364090708","https://openalex.org/W2289283781"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Web":[0,138,229,278,325,330,371,457],"accessibility":[1,121,133,165,196,299,326,372,401,459],"continues":[2,180],"to":[3,154,172,187,205,252,257,263,297,337,369,415,420,427,505,521,534,566],"have":[4,17,160,184,193,258],"important":[5,543],"social,":[6],"legal":[7],"and":[8,19,39,86,129,225,248,261,294,352,373,391,426,441,570],"economic":[9],"implications":[10],"for":[11,195,217,233,276,300,402,490,575],"ecommerce.":[12],"Over":[13],"50":[14],"million":[15,24],"Americans":[16],"disabilities":[18,76,411],"so":[20],"do":[21],"around":[22],"600":[23],"world-wide":[25],"(www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/c2kbr-17.pdf;":[26],"www.usdoj.gov/crt/ada/busstat.htm).":[27],"Disabilities":[28],"include":[29],"a":[30,115,123,218,363,535],"vast":[31],"range":[32],"of":[33,45,71,84,90,134,147,164,177,220,269,313,409,572],"issues:":[34],"cognition,":[35],"vision,":[36],"motor":[37],"skills,":[38],"hearing.":[40],"The":[41,68,140,227,267,329],"disabled":[42,404],"comprise":[43],"19.3%":[44],"the":[46,56,95,148,175,206,234,246,254,259,272,311,321,378,407,431,438,472,499,506,568],"U.S.":[47,69],"population,":[48],"more":[49,162,542,552,556],"than":[50,544],"any":[51],"other":[52],"minority":[53],"group,":[54],"including":[55],"next":[57],"largest":[58,247],"group---Hispanics":[59],"(14.9%).":[60],"This":[61,102,280],"growing":[62,104],"population":[63,238],"commands":[64],"significant":[65],"discretionary":[66],"funds.":[67],"Department":[70],"Labor":[72],"estimates":[73],"those":[74],"with":[75,127,156,320,430,514],"control":[77],"$175":[78],"billion":[79],"(www.dol.gov/odep/pubs/ek98/provide.htm)":[80],"exceeding":[81],"twice":[82],"that":[83,89,119,144,444,517,524],"teens":[85],"17":[87],"times":[88],"tweens":[91],"(8--12":[92],"year-olds),":[93],"currently":[94],"most":[96,107,249,255],"sought":[97],"after":[98],"demographic":[99],"groups":[100],"(www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/c2kbr-17.pdf).":[101],"untapped,":[103],"market":[105],"exceeds":[106],"company's":[108],"estimations.":[109],"In":[110],"this":[111,210,237,314,424,434],"study,":[112,433],"we":[113,244],"extend":[114],"previous":[116,432],"CACM":[117],"paper":[118],"surveyed":[120],"at":[122],"snapshot":[124],"in":[125,166,203,479],"time":[126],"historical":[128],"additional":[130,214],"perspectives":[131],"on":[132,385,437],"Fortune":[135],"100":[136],"(F100)":[137],"sites.":[139],"initial":[141,207],"study":[142,208,211],"revealed":[143],"over":[145,198],"80%":[146],"F100's":[149],"websites":[150,179],"were":[151,231,318,335],"potentially":[152,555],"inaccessible":[153,178],"people":[155],"visual":[157],"disabilities.":[158],"Companies":[159],"become":[161],"aware":[163],"recent":[167],"years,":[168],"which":[169,368],"leads":[170],"one":[171],"wonder":[173],"whether":[174],"predominance":[176],"or":[181,467,532],"if":[182,498],"companies":[183,251,286],"actually":[185],"begun":[186],"seriously":[188],"address":[189],"website":[190,265,421,484],"accessibility.":[191,266,422],"Researchers":[192],"called":[194],"reviews":[197],"time.":[199],"Following":[200],"these":[201,395],"suggestions,":[202],"addition":[204],"sample":[209,577],"adds":[212],"three":[213],"data":[215],"sets":[216],"total":[219],"four:":[221],"2000,":[222],"2002,":[223],"2004,":[224],"2005.":[226],"F100":[228],"sites":[230],"chosen":[232],"usual":[235],"reasons":[236],"is":[239,281,413,503],"studied,":[240],"but":[241,309],"also":[242],"because":[243,548],"expect":[245],"profitable":[250],"be":[253,462,526,541],"likely":[256],"resources":[260],"personnel":[262],"ensure":[264,400],"unit":[268],"analysis":[270,565],"was":[271],"top-level":[273],"home":[274],"page":[275],"each":[277],"site.":[279],"an":[282,482,530,561],"optimistic":[283],"approach":[284],"as":[285,471,529],"may":[287,356,540],"put":[288],"their":[289],"best":[290],"foot":[291],"forward":[292],"here":[293],"then":[295],"fail":[296],"consider":[298],"lower":[301],"level":[302,305],"pages.":[303],"Deeper":[304],"analyses":[306],"are":[307,362,375,453],"possible":[308,418],"beyond":[310],"scope":[312],"study.":[315],"All":[316],"samples":[317],"analyzed":[319],"Watchfire\u00ae":[322],"Bobby\u2122":[323],"5.0":[324],"validation":[327],"tool.":[328],"Accessibility":[331],"Initiative":[332],"(WAI)":[333],"guidelines":[334,361,382,396,440],"used":[336],"review":[338],"all":[339,403,417,491,576],"error":[340],"types:":[341],"Priority":[342,347,353,476],"1":[343,477],"(developers":[344,349,355],"must":[345,461],"satisfy),":[346,351],"2":[348],"should":[350,485],"3":[354],"satisfy)":[357],"(Table":[358,579],"1).":[359],"WAI":[360,381,439],"good":[364],"starting":[365],"point":[366],"from":[367],"evaluate":[370,416],"they":[374,549],"quickly":[376],"becoming":[377],"global":[379],"standard.":[380],"focus":[383],"predominantly":[384],"problems":[386,460,513],"encountered":[387],"by":[388,465],"blind":[389,509],"users":[390,466,510],"therefore":[392],"following":[393],"only":[394],"will":[397],"not":[398],"always":[399],"people.":[405],"Given":[406],"breadth":[408],"existing":[410],"it":[412],"difficult":[414],"limitations":[419],"For":[423,469],"reason":[425],"remain":[428],"consistent":[429],"research":[435],"concentrates":[436],"thus":[442],"issues":[443],"primarily":[445],"impact":[446],"visually":[447],"impaired":[448],"users.":[449],"Automatically":[450],"identified":[451],"errors":[452,547],"important,":[454],"yet":[455,554],"many":[456],"site":[458],"checked":[463],"manually":[464],"developers.":[468],"example,":[470],"first":[473],"criteria":[474],"under":[475],"suggests":[478],"Table":[480],"1,":[481],"accessible":[483],"\"":[486],"provide":[487],"alternative":[488,500],"text":[489,501],"images":[492],".\"":[493],"Automated":[494],"checkers":[495],"cannot":[496],"determine":[497,567],"provided":[502],"meaningful":[504],"user.":[507],"Similarly,":[508],"often":[511],"encounter":[512],"unlabeled":[515],"\"forms\"":[516],"would":[518],"allow":[519],"them":[520],"enter":[522],"information":[523],"could":[525],"searched,":[527],"such":[528],"author":[531],"title":[533],"book.":[536],"Further,":[537],"'user":[538],"checks'":[539],"automatically":[545],"validated":[546],"can":[550],"hide":[551],"subtle,":[553],"problematic":[557],"issues.":[558],"We":[559],"ran":[560],"automated":[562],"user":[563,573],"check":[564],"types":[569],"numbers":[571],"checks":[574],"years":[578],"2).":[580]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}