{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2018823729","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1558607.1558680","title":"Introduction of first passage time (FPT) analysis for software reliability and network security","display_name":"Introduction of first passage time (FPT) analysis for software reliability and network security","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-04-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2018823729","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1558607.1558680","mag":"2018823729"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1558607.1558680","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1558607.1558680","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 5th Annual Workshop on Cyber Security and Information Intelligence Research: Cyber Security and Information Intelligence Challenges and Strategies","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102938885","display_name":"Zhanshan Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4397-2630"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155093810","display_name":"University of Idaho","ror":"https://ror.org/03hbp5t65","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155093810"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhanshan (Sam) Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Idaho, Moscow, ID"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Idaho, Moscow, ID","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155093810"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044912704","display_name":"Axel Krings","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8988-4695"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35364215","display_name":"Naval Postgraduate School","ror":"https://ror.org/033yfkj90","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I3130687028","https://openalex.org/I35364215"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Axel W. Krings","raw_affiliation_strings":["Naval Postgraduate School"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Naval Postgraduate School","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35364215"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073210029","display_name":"Richard C. Millar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35364215","display_name":"Naval Postgraduate School","ror":"https://ror.org/033yfkj90","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I3130687028","https://openalex.org/I35364215"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard C. Millar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Naval Postgraduate School"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Naval Postgraduate School","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35364215"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8781,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67300771,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10968","display_name":"Statistical Distribution Estimation and Applications","score":0.9926000237464905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10780","display_name":"Reliability and Maintenance Optimization","score":0.9883999824523926,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/survivability","display_name":"Survivability","score":0.9014677405357361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6703126430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.650519073009491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5702049136161804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.5543321371078491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-process","display_name":"Stochastic process","score":0.49571096897125244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/first-hitting-time-model","display_name":"First-hitting-time model","score":0.44810548424720764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.44032564759254456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.44024550914764404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.3652758002281189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2546430826187134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.19743511080741882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.16925376653671265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.09847605228424072}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781133158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1088669","display_name":"Survivability","level":2,"score":0.9014677405357361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6703126430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.650519073009491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5702049136161804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5543321371078491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8272713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176737","display_name":"Stochastic process","level":2,"score":0.49571096897125244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186659197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5452195","display_name":"First-hitting-time model","level":2,"score":0.44810548424720764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.44032564759254456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.44024550914764404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.3652758002281189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2546430826187134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.19743511080741882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.16925376653671265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.09847605228424072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1558607.1558680","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1558607.1558680","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 5th Annual Workshop on Cyber Security and Information Intelligence Research: Cyber Security and Information Intelligence Challenges and Strategies","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:calhoun.nps.edu:10945/43548","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10945/43548","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400952","display_name":"Calhoun: The Naval Postgraduate School Institutional Archive (Naval Postgraduate School)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I35364215","host_organization_name":"Naval Postgraduate School","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35364215"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W37752822","https://openalex.org/W54306090","https://openalex.org/W60166153","https://openalex.org/W1017638500","https://openalex.org/W1484033701","https://openalex.org/W1498566120","https://openalex.org/W1968698305","https://openalex.org/W1969191077","https://openalex.org/W1970111805","https://openalex.org/W1974730364","https://openalex.org/W1999473047","https://openalex.org/W2001691123","https://openalex.org/W2008306620","https://openalex.org/W2023890683","https://openalex.org/W2038450451","https://openalex.org/W2054975983","https://openalex.org/W2056107705","https://openalex.org/W2062006739","https://openalex.org/W2069135014","https://openalex.org/W2069247645","https://openalex.org/W2069954516","https://openalex.org/W2071688194","https://openalex.org/W2076868540","https://openalex.org/W2087120410","https://openalex.org/W2091403070","https://openalex.org/W2096221659","https://openalex.org/W2113687945","https://openalex.org/W2114849571","https://openalex.org/W2118187220","https://openalex.org/W2122785003","https://openalex.org/W2134775024","https://openalex.org/W2135869226","https://openalex.org/W2137479542","https://openalex.org/W2154921746","https://openalex.org/W2157680901","https://openalex.org/W2158060535","https://openalex.org/W2165092162","https://openalex.org/W2170187068","https://openalex.org/W2170655994","https://openalex.org/W2343062121","https://openalex.org/W3101940648","https://openalex.org/W3141158269","https://openalex.org/W4240788980"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2387494004","https://openalex.org/W2162492390","https://openalex.org/W2350417149","https://openalex.org/W2036372418","https://openalex.org/W2545190132","https://openalex.org/W212597372","https://openalex.org/W2114587117","https://openalex.org/W2088949004","https://openalex.org/W2738188587","https://openalex.org/W1964620150"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,130],"study":[1],"of":[2,83,227,253,259,296,308,324,333],"the":[3,33,47,54,98,120,124,225,242,250,254,260,267,270,276,286,297,306,321,360],"First":[4,48],"Passage":[5,49],"Time":[6,50],"(FPT)":[7],"problem":[8,100,126,362],"(also":[9],"known":[10],"as":[11,53,75,154,238,366],"first":[12,59,261,357],"passage":[13,262],"problem,":[14],"FPP)":[15],"started":[16],"more":[17,112,146,157,161,168,185],"than":[18],"a":[19,43,61,67,282],"century":[20],"ago,":[21],"but":[22],"its":[23,372],"diverse":[24],"applications":[25,73,374],"in":[26,32,79,86,104,137,172,280,347,375],"science":[27],"and":[28,71,81,88,106,117,159,174,177,190,206,215,293,302,329,350,369,378],"engineering":[29,90],"mostly":[30,128],"emerged":[31],"last":[34],"two":[35],"to":[36,170,183,194,218,248,288,319],"three":[37],"decades.":[38],"Assuming":[39],"that":[40,97,136,199,315,337],"X(t)":[41,58],"is":[42,51,65,135,166,278,317,336],"one-dimensional":[44],"stochastic":[45,235,344],"process,":[46],"defined":[52],"time":[55,214,268,328],"(T)":[56],"when":[57,269,275],"crosses":[60],"threshold.":[62],"Engineering":[63],"reliability":[64,138,348,377],"obviously":[66],"suitable":[68],"application":[69],"domain,":[70],"indeed":[72],"such":[74,153,237],"optimal":[76],"dam":[77],"design":[78],"hydrology":[80],"analysis":[82,156,335,349],"structural":[84],"failure":[85],"civil":[87],"mechanical":[89],"are":[91,127,144,210],"typical":[92],"examples.":[93],"Although":[94],"we":[95,356],"envision":[96],"FPT":[99,125,243,289,334,361],"has":[101],"great":[102],"potential":[103,373],"network":[105,115,379],"software":[107,376],"reliability,":[108],"it":[109,316,338],"should":[110],"be":[111,181,201,231,246,266],"useful":[113],"for":[114,123,132],"security":[116,173,189],"survivability":[118,175,191],"because":[119],"approaches":[121,152,179],"developed":[122],"analytical.":[129],"assumption":[131],"this":[133,354],"inference":[134],"analysis,":[139],"experimental":[140],"or":[141,274],"historical":[142],"data":[143,165],"often":[145,192],"readily":[147],"available,":[148],"which":[149,209,264],"makes":[150],"statistical":[151],"survival":[155,351],"convenient":[158],"likely":[160],"realistic.":[162],"In":[163,284,353],"contrast,":[164],"generally":[167],"difficult":[169,217],"obtain":[171],"analyses,":[176],"analytical":[178],"can":[180,230,265],"leveraged":[182],"play":[184],"important":[186],"roles.":[187],"Furthermore,":[188],"have":[193],"deal":[195],"with":[196,220,233,363],"malicious":[197],"actions":[198],"may":[200,245,313,339],"driven":[202],"by":[203],"sophisticated":[204],"cognition":[205],"behavioral":[207],"processes,":[208],"highly":[211],"variable":[212],"over":[213,310,327],"very":[216],"detect":[219],"short":[221],"term":[222],"data.":[223],"If":[224],"behavior":[226,322],"an":[228,325,367],"intruder":[229,326],"characterized":[232],"some":[234,342],"process":[236,345],"Brownian":[239,364],"motion,":[240],"then":[241,370],"approach":[244],"applied":[247],"find":[249],"closed-form":[251],"solution":[252],"probability":[255],"density":[256],"function":[257],"(PDF)":[258],"time,":[263],"system":[271],"breaks":[272],"down":[273],"hacker":[277],"successful":[279],"compromising":[281],"network.":[283],"addition,":[285],"solutions":[287],"depend":[290],"on":[291],"boundary":[292],"initial":[294],"conditions":[295],"corresponding":[298],"partial":[299],"differential":[300],"equations,":[301],"they":[303],"also":[304],"describe":[305],"evolution":[307],"PDF":[309],"time.":[311],"This":[312],"suggest":[314,371],"possible":[318],"model":[320],"changes":[323],"circumstances.":[330],"Another":[331],"advantage":[332],"help":[340],"solve":[341],"non-Markov":[343],"problems":[346],"analysis.":[352],"article,":[355],"briefly":[358],"introduce":[359],"motion":[365],"example,":[368],"security.":[380]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-15T07:11:24.734988","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
