{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1966404428","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1555619.1555625","title":"Building theory in the sciences of the artificial","display_name":"Building theory in the sciences of the artificial","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1966404428","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1555619.1555625","mag":"1966404428"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1555619.1555625","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1555619.1555625","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Design Science Research in Information Systems and Technology - DESRIST '09","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065050260","display_name":"Shirley Gregor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0686-8674"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118347636","display_name":"Australian National University","ror":"https://ror.org/019wvm592","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shirley Gregor","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065050260"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":39.0713,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":125,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99712416,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"1"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11024","display_name":"Information Systems Theories and Implementation","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11024","display_name":"Information Systems Theories and Implementation","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10215","display_name":"Semantic Web and Ontologies","score":0.9810000061988831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10672","display_name":"Design Education and Practice","score":0.9729999899864197,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artifact","display_name":"Artifact (error)","score":0.8080614805221558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generality","display_name":"Generality","score":0.7686079740524292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.6875027418136597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/design-science-research","display_name":"Design science research","score":0.5886833667755127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy-of-science","display_name":"Philosophy of science","score":0.5821453928947449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/design-science","display_name":"Design science","score":0.5634811520576477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/centrality","display_name":"Centrality","score":0.5351243019104004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5134021043777466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.5106392502784729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mode","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","score":0.5102200508117676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.40043699741363525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3164532482624054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.16929414868354797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.15943804383277893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-system","display_name":"Information system","score":0.15872496366500854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.14962854981422424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.14591088891029358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.12993362545967102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.12495070695877075}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779010991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2720909","display_name":"Artifact (error)","level":2,"score":0.8080614805221558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780767217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532421","display_name":"Generality","level":2,"score":0.7686079740524292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.6875027418136597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777655877","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3475740","display_name":"Design science research","level":3,"score":0.5886833667755127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110099512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59115","display_name":"Philosophy of science","level":2,"score":0.5821453928947449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780103759","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5264375","display_name":"Design science","level":2,"score":0.5634811520576477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53811970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5062194","display_name":"Centrality","level":2,"score":0.5351243019104004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5134021043777466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.5106392502784729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48677424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888088","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","level":2,"score":0.5102200508117676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.40043699741363525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3164532482624054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.16929414868354797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.15943804383277893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180198813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121182","display_name":"Information system","level":2,"score":0.15872496366500854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.14962854981422424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14591088891029358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.12993362545967102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.12495070695877075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1555619.1555625","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1555619.1555625","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Design Science Research in Information Systems and Technology - DESRIST '09","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au:1885/29234","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1885/29234","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402539","display_name":"ANU Open Research (Australian National University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I118347636","host_organization_name":"Australian National University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Design Science Research in Information Systems and Technology (DESRIST 2009)","raw_type":"Conference paper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310607","display_name":"Georgia State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qt6ba18"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322551","display_name":"Simon Fraser University","ror":"https://ror.org/0213rcc28"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W31045409","https://openalex.org/W169910887","https://openalex.org/W175737083","https://openalex.org/W184605332","https://openalex.org/W343338764","https://openalex.org/W624046796","https://openalex.org/W853401814","https://openalex.org/W1493083214","https://openalex.org/W1494295131","https://openalex.org/W1565693361","https://openalex.org/W1568238390","https://openalex.org/W1578503712","https://openalex.org/W1581167297","https://openalex.org/W1602519790","https://openalex.org/W1966342435","https://openalex.org/W1973690672","https://openalex.org/W2014129917","https://openalex.org/W2053680135","https://openalex.org/W2070717504","https://openalex.org/W2082580216","https://openalex.org/W2091579301","https://openalex.org/W2106291083","https://openalex.org/W2111030512","https://openalex.org/W2116721563","https://openalex.org/W2123601949","https://openalex.org/W2130884802","https://openalex.org/W2131139912","https://openalex.org/W2136451344","https://openalex.org/W2146691185","https://openalex.org/W2151020819","https://openalex.org/W2151461605","https://openalex.org/W2152356954","https://openalex.org/W2169571673","https://openalex.org/W2259327114","https://openalex.org/W2325107671","https://openalex.org/W2329395632","https://openalex.org/W2331328256","https://openalex.org/W2798390898","https://openalex.org/W2991296629","https://openalex.org/W3004326177","https://openalex.org/W3123625288","https://openalex.org/W3125427202","https://openalex.org/W3127702745","https://openalex.org/W3151685851","https://openalex.org/W4232969954","https://openalex.org/W4234246774","https://openalex.org/W4240353436","https://openalex.org/W4252047284","https://openalex.org/W4254068267","https://openalex.org/W4298304081","https://openalex.org/W4391816076"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2075192667","https://openalex.org/W1600624913","https://openalex.org/W4385231812","https://openalex.org/W3021294361","https://openalex.org/W2010723890","https://openalex.org/W1139307540","https://openalex.org/W2468542265","https://openalex.org/W3006572021","https://openalex.org/W2946185858","https://openalex.org/W92148609"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"essay":[1,25],"extends":[2],"Simon's":[3],"arguments":[4],"in":[5,18,37,50,58,80,114,146,167,203],"the":[6,9,38,42,45,51,64,67,94,105,115,119,123,136,227],"Sciences":[7],"of":[8,15,31,44,47,61,66,88,96,107,125,138,194,229],"Artificial":[10],"to":[11,41,135,221,226],"a":[12,29,81],"critical":[13],"examination":[14],"how":[16,95],"theorizing":[17,36,57,76,202],"Information":[19],"Technology":[20],"disciplines":[21,148],"should":[22,77,224],"occur.":[23],"The":[24,72,188],"is":[26,54,70,191],"framed":[27],"around":[28],"number":[30],"fundamental":[32],"questions":[33],"that":[34,75,84,122,192],"relate":[35],"artificial":[39,52],"sciences":[40,53],"traditions":[43],"philosophy":[46],"science.":[48,140],"Theorizing":[49],"contrasted":[55],"with":[56,93,104,186],"other":[59],"branches":[60],"science":[62,117,209],"and":[63,100,165,178,183,201,211,232],"applicability":[65],"scientific":[68],"method":[69],"questioned.":[71],"paper":[73,120],"argues":[74,121],"be":[78,131],"considered":[79],"holistic":[82],"manner":[83],"links":[85],"two":[86],"modes":[87,180],"theorizing:":[89],"an":[90,101],"interior":[91,177],"mode":[92,103],"artifact":[97,152,156,171],"construction":[98,172],"studied":[99],"exterior":[102,179],"what":[106],"existing":[108],"artifacts":[109,126],"studied.":[110],"Unlike":[111],"some":[112],"representations":[113],"design":[116,161,204,208],"movement":[118],"study":[124],"once":[127],"constructed":[128],"can":[129],"not":[130],"passed":[132],"back":[133],"uncritically":[134],"methods":[137],"traditional":[139,217],"Seven":[141],"principles":[142,196,223],"for":[143,160,181,206,213],"creating":[144],"knowledge":[145,199],"IT":[147],"are":[149],"derived:":[150],"(i)":[151],"system":[153],"centrality;":[154],"(ii)":[155],"purposefulness;":[157],"(iii)":[158],"need":[159],"theory;":[162],"(iv)":[163],"induction":[164],"abduction":[166],"theory":[168,174],"building;":[169,175],"(v)":[170],"as":[173],"(vi)":[176],"theorizing;":[182],"(viii)":[184],"issues":[185],"generality.":[187],"implicit":[189],"claim":[190],"consideration":[193],"these":[195,222],"will":[197],"improve":[198],"creation":[200,228],"disciplines,":[205],"both":[207],"researchers":[210,214],"also":[212],"using":[215],"more":[216,230],"methods.":[218],"Further,":[219],"attention":[220],"lead":[225],"useful":[231],"relevant":[233],"knowledge.":[234]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-04-11T08:14:18.477133","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}