{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2004220906","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1550987.1550994","title":"Minimizing CPU energy in real-time systems with discrete speed management","display_name":"Minimizing CPU energy in real-time systems with discrete speed management","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2004220906","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1550987.1550994","mag":"2004220906"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1550987.1550994","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1550987.1550994","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S136160450","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","issn_l":"1539-9087","issn":["1539-9087","1558-3465"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067618738","display_name":"Enrico Bini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9205-584X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162290304","display_name":"Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna","ror":"https://ror.org/025602r80","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Enrico Bini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024920325","display_name":"Giorgio Buttazzo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4959-4017"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162290304","display_name":"Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna","ror":"https://ror.org/025602r80","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giorgio Buttazzo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050313107","display_name":"Giuseppe Lipari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7544-5309"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162290304","display_name":"Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna","ror":"https://ror.org/025602r80","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giuseppe Lipari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5067618738"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.623,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":74,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96339041,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"4","first_page":"1","last_page":"23"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10933","display_name":"Real-Time Systems Scheduling","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10933","display_name":"Real-Time Systems Scheduling","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8678454160690308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.6659655570983887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.6453637480735779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.575253427028656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5749099254608154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5029336810112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mode","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","score":0.4961336553096771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.48463326692581177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speedup","display_name":"Speedup","score":0.46519577503204346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.44524261355400085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.4290464520454407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3610617518424988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.3146767020225525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.2969345450401306}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8678454160690308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.6659655570983887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.6453637480735779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.575253427028656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5749099254608154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5029336810112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48677424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888088","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","level":2,"score":0.4961336553096771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.48463326692581177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68339613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1549489","display_name":"Speedup","level":2,"score":0.46519577503204346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.44524261355400085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4290464520454407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3610617518424988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.3146767020225525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2969345450401306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1550987.1550994","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1550987.1550994","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S136160450","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","issn_l":"1539-9087","issn":["1539-9087","1558-3465"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.158.9371","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.158.9371","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://feanor.sssup.it/~bini/publications/2009BinButLip.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.iris.sssup.it:11382/102139","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11382/102139","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196376","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I162290304","host_organization_name":"Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.iris.sssup.it:11382/374704","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11382/374704","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196376","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I162290304","host_organization_name":"Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9100000262260437}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W412460","https://openalex.org/W1503149663","https://openalex.org/W1966770256","https://openalex.org/W1986832144","https://openalex.org/W2011024076","https://openalex.org/W2086748818","https://openalex.org/W2093582532","https://openalex.org/W2099961254","https://openalex.org/W2109488193","https://openalex.org/W2120015038","https://openalex.org/W2121504539","https://openalex.org/W2122330772","https://openalex.org/W2125244741","https://openalex.org/W2125381034","https://openalex.org/W2129593667","https://openalex.org/W2132114163","https://openalex.org/W2133811601","https://openalex.org/W2135297309","https://openalex.org/W2136492236","https://openalex.org/W2137784941","https://openalex.org/W2138305065","https://openalex.org/W2140409999","https://openalex.org/W2140999304","https://openalex.org/W2143905089","https://openalex.org/W2145398804","https://openalex.org/W2152385649","https://openalex.org/W2157296855","https://openalex.org/W2162211138","https://openalex.org/W2166440675","https://openalex.org/W2166745914","https://openalex.org/W2167972204","https://openalex.org/W2172058284","https://openalex.org/W2262960161","https://openalex.org/W3143002681","https://openalex.org/W4235236642","https://openalex.org/W4241387086","https://openalex.org/W4242414053"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2317245370","https://openalex.org/W198851386","https://openalex.org/W1980160788","https://openalex.org/W2030310580","https://openalex.org/W947442053","https://openalex.org/W2148915962","https://openalex.org/W4313433561","https://openalex.org/W2283866686","https://openalex.org/W2948365806","https://openalex.org/W4287182096"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,47,79,87,90,122],"general":[4],"framework":[5],"to":[6,32,44,93,103],"analyze":[7],"and":[8,57,63,86,140],"design":[9],"embedded":[10],"systems":[11],"minimizing":[12],"the":[13,28,34,64,84,105,113,119,130],"energy":[14,61],"consumption":[15],"without":[16,128],"violating":[17,129],"timing":[18],"requirements.":[19],"A":[20],"set":[21,48,124],"of":[22,49,108,121,125],"realistic":[23],"assumptions":[24],"is":[25,42,135],"considered":[26],"in":[27,30,36],"model":[29],"order":[31],"apply":[33],"results":[35],"practical":[37],"real-time":[38,126],"applications.":[39],"The":[40,60,99,133],"processor":[41],"assumed":[43],"have":[45],"as":[46],"discrete":[50],"operating":[51],"modes,":[52],"each":[53],"characterized":[54],"by":[55],"speed":[56,85],"power":[58],"consumption.":[59],"overhead":[62],"transition":[65],"delay":[66],"incurred":[67],"during":[68],"mode":[69],"switches":[70],"are":[71,76],"considered.":[72],"Task":[73],"computation":[74],"times":[75],"modeled":[77],"with":[78,83],"part":[80,88],"that":[81,111],"scales":[82],"having":[89],"fixed":[91,139],"duration,":[92],"take":[94],"I/O":[95],"operations":[96],"into":[97],"account.":[98],"proposed":[100],"method":[101],"allows":[102],"compute":[104],"optimal":[106],"sequence":[107],"voltage/speed":[109],"changes":[110],"approximates":[112],"minimum":[114],"continuous":[115],"speed,":[116],"which":[117],"guarantees":[118],"feasibility":[120],"given":[123],"tasks,":[127],"deadline":[131],"constraints.":[132],"analysis":[134],"performed":[136],"both":[137],"under":[138],"dynamic":[141],"priority":[142],"assignments.":[143]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}