{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2017274979","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1538902.1538905","title":"On the bias of traceroute sampling","display_name":"On the bias of traceroute sampling","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2017274979","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1538902.1538905","mag":"2017274979"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1538902.1538905","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1538902.1538905","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S118992489","display_name":"Journal of the ACM","issn_l":"0004-5411","issn":["0004-5411","1557-735X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021300666","display_name":"Dimitris Achlioptas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2349-822X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185103710","display_name":"University of California, Santa Cruz","ror":"https://ror.org/03s65by71","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185103710"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dimitris Achlioptas","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Santa Cruz, CA","University of California, Santa Cruz, CA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Santa Cruz, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185103710"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Santa Cruz, CA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185103710"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014647140","display_name":"Aaron Clauset","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3529-8746"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1308548392","display_name":"Santa Fe Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01arysc35","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1308548392"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169521973","display_name":"University of New Mexico","ror":"https://ror.org/05fs6jp91","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169521973"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aaron Clauset","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, and the Santa Fe Institute, New Mexico"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, and the Santa Fe Institute, New Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1308548392","https://openalex.org/I169521973"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064274071","display_name":"David Kempe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4002-9759"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Kempe","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA","University of Southern California,,,Los Angeles,CA,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California,,,Los Angeles,CA,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008033989","display_name":"Cristopher Moore","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2062-1942"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1308548392","display_name":"Santa Fe Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01arysc35","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1308548392"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169521973","display_name":"University of New Mexico","ror":"https://ror.org/05fs6jp91","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169521973"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cristopher Moore","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, and the Santa Fe Institute, New Mexico"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, and the Santa Fe Institute, New Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1308548392","https://openalex.org/I169521973"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.5419,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":87,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97457679,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"56","issue":"4","first_page":"1","last_page":"28"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10064","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10064","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10138","display_name":"Network Traffic and Congestion Control","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11476","display_name":"Graph theory and applications","score":0.9847000241279602,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2608","display_name":"Geometry and Topology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traceroute","display_name":"traceroute","score":0.9580546617507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/degree-distribution","display_name":"Degree distribution","score":0.7074921131134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7068275809288025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.553768515586853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poisson-distribution","display_name":"Poisson distribution","score":0.5485398173332214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/degree","display_name":"Degree (music)","score":0.4808533787727356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-graph","display_name":"Random graph","score":0.48010945320129395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-topology","display_name":"Internet topology","score":0.4774470925331116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","score":0.4553234875202179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.42206865549087524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.410614550113678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complex-network","display_name":"Complex network","score":0.33782684803009033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2859499454498291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.19195467233657837}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157497606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q603227","display_name":"traceroute","level":3,"score":0.9580546617507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87414783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1002603","display_name":"Degree distribution","level":3,"score":0.7074921131134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7068275809288025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.553768515586853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100906024","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205692","display_name":"Poisson distribution","level":2,"score":0.5485398173332214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775997480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q586277","display_name":"Degree (music)","level":2,"score":0.4808533787727356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47458327","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910404","display_name":"Random graph","level":3,"score":0.48010945320129395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99237066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17092610","display_name":"Internet topology","level":3,"score":0.4774470925331116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.4553234875202179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.42206865549087524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.410614550113678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34947359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q665189","display_name":"Complex network","level":2,"score":0.33782684803009033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2859499454498291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.19195467233657837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1538902.1538905","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1538902.1538905","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S118992489","display_name":"Journal of the ACM","issn_l":"0004-5411","issn":["0004-5411","1557-735X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6499999761581421}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2260443229","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-0546900","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337387","funder_display_name":"Division of Computing and Communication Foundations"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2648705884","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ITR-0324845PHY-0200909CCF-0524613CCR-0220070EIA-0218563ITR-0324845","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5543669893","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ITR-0324845PHY-0200909CCF-0524613CCR-0220070EIA-0218563ITR-0324845","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336454","funder_display_name":"Division of Physics"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6349201262","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ITR-0324845PHY-0200909CCF-0524613CCR-0220070EIA-0218563ITR-0324845","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337387","funder_display_name":"Division of Computing and Communication Foundations"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G916548318","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"210743","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334678","funder_display_name":"European Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334678","display_name":"European Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0472cxd90"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336454","display_name":"Division of Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/04ap5x931"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337387","display_name":"Division of Computing and Communication Foundations","ror":"https://ror.org/01mng8331"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1486613786","https://openalex.org/W1506453066","https://openalex.org/W1560477206","https://openalex.org/W1592213313","https://openalex.org/W1920896335","https://openalex.org/W1971795786","https://openalex.org/W1976969221","https://openalex.org/W1985977780","https://openalex.org/W2006222495","https://openalex.org/W2030758576","https://openalex.org/W2044881936","https://openalex.org/W2044892353","https://openalex.org/W2060730631","https://openalex.org/W2088216145","https://openalex.org/W2090223505","https://openalex.org/W2091550504","https://openalex.org/W2097140160","https://openalex.org/W2103012681","https://openalex.org/W2107648668","https://openalex.org/W2129620481","https://openalex.org/W2129918926","https://openalex.org/W2140668275","https://openalex.org/W2148662748","https://openalex.org/W2151221105","https://openalex.org/W2156626857","https://openalex.org/W2156950966","https://openalex.org/W2165084894","https://openalex.org/W2249831108","https://openalex.org/W2295428206","https://openalex.org/W2770485470","https://openalex.org/W2914621247","https://openalex.org/W3021340442","https://openalex.org/W3102074288","https://openalex.org/W3106411499","https://openalex.org/W3122498613","https://openalex.org/W4238472918","https://openalex.org/W4241669766","https://openalex.org/W4297901428","https://openalex.org/W6635493487","https://openalex.org/W6823311174"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2117825463","https://openalex.org/W20881979","https://openalex.org/W2015754215","https://openalex.org/W752371801","https://openalex.org/W1593324136","https://openalex.org/W2120754938","https://openalex.org/W2100312336","https://openalex.org/W2010952937","https://openalex.org/W2124849736","https://openalex.org/W1545569367"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Understanding":[0],"the":[1,5,45,75,89,101,113,124,142,174],"graph":[2,26],"structure":[3,27],"of":[4,44,47,74,126,136,151,176],"Internet":[6,21,48],"is":[7,92,117],"a":[8,30,72,79,108,132,181],"crucial":[9],"step":[10],"for":[11,20,131],"building":[12],"accurate":[13],"network":[14,46],"models":[15],"and":[16,78,166,184],"designing":[17],"efficient":[18],"algorithms":[19],"applications.":[22],"Yet,":[23],"obtaining":[24],"this":[25,120],"can":[28],"be":[29,37,146],"surprisingly":[31],"difficult":[32],"task,":[33],"as":[34],"edges":[35],"cannot":[36],"explicitly":[38,140],"queried.":[39],"For":[40],"instance,":[41],"empirical":[42],"studies":[43],"Protocol":[49],"(IP)":[50],"addresses":[51],"typically":[52],"rely":[53],"on":[54,180],"indirect":[55],"methods":[56],"like":[57],"traceroute":[58,105,127,157],"to":[59,187],"build":[60],"what":[61],"are":[62],"approximately":[63],"single-source,":[64],"all-destinations,":[65],"shortest-path":[66],"trees.":[67],"These":[68],"trees":[69],"only":[70],"sample":[71,91],"fraction":[73],"network's":[76],"edges,":[77],"paper":[80],"by":[81],"Lakhina":[82,177],"et":[83,178],"al.":[84,179],"[2003]":[85],"found":[86],"empirically":[87],"that":[88,100,144,156],"resulting":[90],"intrinsically":[93],"biased.":[94],"Further,":[95],"in":[96,163],"simulations,":[97],"they":[98],"observed":[99],"degree":[102,115,138,161,190],"distribution":[103,116,143],"under":[104],"sampling":[106,128,158],"exhibits":[107],"power":[109],"law":[110],"even":[111],"when":[112],"underlying":[114,137],"Poisson.":[118],"In":[119],"article,":[121],"we":[122,154],"study":[123],"bias":[125],"mathematically":[129],"and,":[130],"very":[133],"general":[134],"class":[135],"distributions,":[139],"calculate":[141],"will":[145],"observed.":[147],"As":[148],"example":[149],"applications":[150],"our":[152,171],"machinery,":[153],"prove":[155],"finds":[159],"power-law":[160],"distributions":[162],"both":[164],"\u03b4-regular":[165],"Poisson-distributed":[167],"random":[168],"graphs.":[169],"Thus,":[170],"work":[172],"puts":[173],"observations":[175],"rigorous":[182],"footing,":[183],"extends":[185],"them":[186],"nearly":[188],"arbitrary":[189],"distributions.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}