{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2016458157","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1517303.1517311","title":"Offline signature authentication using cross-validated graph matching","display_name":"Offline signature authentication using cross-validated graph matching","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-01-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2016458157","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1517303.1517311","mag":"2016458157"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1517303.1517311","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1517303.1517311","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2nd Bangalore Annual Compute Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000318042","display_name":"A C Ramachandra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5868-5490"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I53465836","display_name":"Bangalore University","ror":"https://ror.org/050j2vm64","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I53465836"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A C Ramachandra","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, Bangalore University, Bangalore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, Bangalore University, Bangalore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I53465836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102787031","display_name":"K. Pavithra","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I53465836","display_name":"Bangalore University","ror":"https://ror.org/050j2vm64","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I53465836"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K Pavithra","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, Bangalore University, Bangalore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, Bangalore University, Bangalore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I53465836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053632456","display_name":"K. Yashasvini","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I53465836","display_name":"Bangalore University","ror":"https://ror.org/050j2vm64","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I53465836"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K Yashasvini","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, Bangalore University, Bangalore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, Bangalore University, Bangalore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I53465836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111966995","display_name":"K B Raja","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I53465836","display_name":"Bangalore University","ror":"https://ror.org/050j2vm64","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I53465836"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K B Raja","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, Bangalore University, Bangalore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, Bangalore University, Bangalore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I53465836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112241739","display_name":"K R Venugopal","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I53465836","display_name":"Bangalore University","ror":"https://ror.org/050j2vm64","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I53465836"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K R Venugopal","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, Bangalore University, Bangalore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, Bangalore University, Bangalore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I53465836"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067392303","display_name":"L.M. Patnaik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9725-2535"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I156406944","display_name":"Defence Institute of Advanced Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05qpbfx18","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I156406944"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L M Patnaik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Defence Institute of Advanced Technology, Pune","Defence Institute of Advanced Technology, Pune#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Defence Institute of Advanced Technology, Pune","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I156406944"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Defence Institute of Advanced Technology, Pune#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I156406944"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6424,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85020724,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11550","display_name":"Text and Document Classification Technologies","score":0.9814000129699707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalization","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","score":0.6677572727203369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6609883308410645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.5843012928962708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/euclidean-distance","display_name":"Euclidean distance","score":0.5716794729232788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5518598556518555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bipartite-graph","display_name":"Bipartite graph","score":0.5071070194244385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blossom-algorithm","display_name":"Blossom algorithm","score":0.49355804920196533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4843626916408539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signature","display_name":"Signature (topology)","score":0.4733198583126068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.44658827781677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.44065284729003906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.4315067529678345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4302467107772827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3880684971809387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3573857247829437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.24559670686721802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.15497615933418274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.10930004715919495}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.6677572727203369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6609883308410645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.5843012928962708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120174047","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q847073","display_name":"Euclidean distance","level":2,"score":0.5716794729232788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5518598556518555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197657726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174733","display_name":"Bipartite graph","level":3,"score":0.5071070194244385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61455927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1030529","display_name":"Blossom algorithm","level":3,"score":0.49355804920196533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4843626916408539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779696439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512811","display_name":"Signature (topology)","level":2,"score":0.4733198583126068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.44658827781677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.44065284729003906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.4315067529678345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4302467107772827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3880684971809387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3573857247829437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.24559670686721802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.15497615933418274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.10930004715919495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1517303.1517311","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1517303.1517311","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2nd Bangalore Annual Compute Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints-bangaloreuniversity.in:1893","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://eprints-bangaloreuniversity.in/1893/1/Offline%20Signature%20Authentication%20using%20Cross-validated.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401173","display_name":"ePrints@Bangalore University (Bangalore University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I53465836","host_organization_name":"Bangalore University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I53465836"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference or Workshop Item"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6399999856948853}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1588000614","https://openalex.org/W1925610913","https://openalex.org/W1967666795","https://openalex.org/W1997383766","https://openalex.org/W2039039475","https://openalex.org/W2100950181","https://openalex.org/W2101834845","https://openalex.org/W2102882759","https://openalex.org/W2106437618","https://openalex.org/W2112900905","https://openalex.org/W2126331086","https://openalex.org/W2129125869","https://openalex.org/W2129537359","https://openalex.org/W2138593395","https://openalex.org/W2171712073"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2352066879","https://openalex.org/W2561454982","https://openalex.org/W2362975861","https://openalex.org/W2348257368","https://openalex.org/W2017370158","https://openalex.org/W2367674792","https://openalex.org/W1592682627","https://openalex.org/W4295762832","https://openalex.org/W2184969544","https://openalex.org/W1964772317"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,45,64,111],"biometric":[1,22],"system":[2],"is":[3,18,25,54,73,102,114,127],"used":[4,27,55],"to":[5,56,107,133,139],"identify":[6],"a":[7,19,78],"person":[8],"depending":[9],"on":[10],"his":[11],"physiological":[12],"or":[13],"behavioral":[14],"characteristics.":[15],"Signature":[16,37],"verification":[17],"commonly":[20],"accepted":[21],"method":[23,53],"and":[24,88,153],"widely":[26],"for":[28,60,151],"banking":[29],"transactions.":[30],"In":[31],"this":[32],"paper,":[33],"we":[34],"propose":[35],"Offline":[36],"Authentication":[38],"using":[39,104],"Cross-validated":[40],"Graph":[41],"Matching":[42],"(OSACGM)":[43],"algorithm.":[44],"signatures":[46,69],"are":[47],"pre-processed":[48],"in":[49,70,86],"which":[50],"signature":[51,120],"extraction":[52],"obtain":[57],"high":[58],"resolution":[59],"smaller":[61],"normalization":[62],"box.":[63],"similarity":[65],"measure":[66],"between":[67],"two":[68],"the":[71,117,124,130,135,140],"database":[72],"determined":[74,103],"by":[75,94,121],"(i)":[76],"constructing":[77],"bipartite":[79],"graph":[80],"G,":[81],"(ii)":[82],"obtaining":[83],"complete":[84],"matching":[85],"G":[87],"(iii)":[89],"finding":[90],"minimum":[91],"Euclidean":[92],"distance":[93],"Hungarian":[95],"method.":[96],"An":[97],"optimum":[98],"decision":[99],"threshold":[100,131],"value":[101,132],"Cross-validation":[105],"technique":[106],"select":[108],"reference":[109],"signatures.":[110],"test":[112,119,125,136],"feature":[113,126],"extracted":[115],"from":[116],"given":[118],"pre-processing.":[122],"Then":[123],"compared":[128],"with":[129],"authenticate":[134],"signature.":[137],"Compared":[138],"existing":[141],"algorithm,":[142],"our":[143],"algorithm":[144],"gives":[145],"better":[146],"Equal":[147],"Error":[148],"Rate":[149],"(EER)":[150],"skilled":[152],"random":[154],"forgeries.":[155]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
