{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2152536828","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1514095.1514158","title":"How anthropomorphism affects empathy toward robots","display_name":"How anthropomorphism affects empathy toward robots","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-03-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2152536828","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1514095.1514158","mag":"2152536828"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1514095.1514158","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1514095.1514158","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 4th ACM/IEEE international conference on Human robot interaction","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081177736","display_name":"Laurel D. Riek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7906-6691"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Laurel D. Riek","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006037403","display_name":"Tal-Chen Rabinowitch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0112-5350"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tal-Chen Rabinowitch","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007803639","display_name":"Bhismadev Chakrabarti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6649-7895"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bhismadev Chakrabarti","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103077811","display_name":"Peter Robinson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0347-3789"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Robinson","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081177736"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.838,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":309,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90679047,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"245","last_page":"246"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12520","display_name":"Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment","score":0.9891999959945679,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empathy","display_name":"Empathy","score":0.8019505143165588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.7304746508598328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5752671957015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.4012432396411896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.35738638043403625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.35692155361175537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.33962076902389526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.30747175216674805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.1774352788925171}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779885105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182263","display_name":"Empathy","level":2,"score":0.8019505143165588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.7304746508598328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5752671957015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4012432396411896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.35738638043403625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.35692155361175537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.33962076902389526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.30747175216674805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.1774352788925171}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1514095.1514158","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1514095.1514158","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 4th ACM/IEEE international conference on Human robot interaction","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.219.6638","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.219.6638","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~pr/publications/hri09.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.41999998688697815}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W82245052","https://openalex.org/W1533742749","https://openalex.org/W1871433632","https://openalex.org/W2012676995","https://openalex.org/W2040878892","https://openalex.org/W2110585328","https://openalex.org/W2114088572","https://openalex.org/W2139630251"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2022249999","https://openalex.org/W2790197180","https://openalex.org/W2321298859","https://openalex.org/W2914237138","https://openalex.org/W2623239735","https://openalex.org/W2020597600","https://openalex.org/W4205877500","https://openalex.org/W2155089007","https://openalex.org/W2049690772","https://openalex.org/W2592841961"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"long-standing":[1],"question":[2],"within":[3],"the":[4,9,35],"robotics":[5],"community":[6],"is":[7],"about":[8],"degree":[10],"of":[11,26],"human-likeness":[12],"robots":[13,33,48,67],"ought":[14],"to":[15,50],"have":[16],"when":[17],"interacting":[18],"with":[19,32,47,64,70],"humans.":[20,55],"We":[21,38],"explore":[22],"an":[23,40],"unexamined":[24],"aspect":[25],"this":[27],"problem:":[28],"how":[29,44],"people":[30,45,60],"empathize":[31,61],"along":[34],"anthropomorphic":[36],"spectrum.":[37],"conducted":[39],"experiment":[41],"that":[42,59],"measured":[43],"empathized":[46],"shown":[49],"be":[51],"experiencing":[52],"mistreatment":[53],"by":[54],"Our":[56],"results":[57],"indicate":[58],"more":[62,65],"strongly":[63],"human-looking":[66],"and":[68],"less":[69],"mechanicallooking":[71],"robots.":[72]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":39},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":49},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}