{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2017165380","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1502781.1502785","title":"Electromagnetic Radiations of FPGAs","display_name":"Electromagnetic Radiations of FPGAs","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2017165380","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1502781.1502785","mag":"2017165380"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1502781.1502785","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1502781.1502785","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112809824","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and Systems","issn_l":"1936-7406","issn":["1936-7406","1936-7414"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027685057","display_name":"Laurent Sauvage","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6940-6856"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205703379","display_name":"Institut Mines-T\u00e9l\u00e9com","ror":"https://ror.org/025vp2923","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205703379"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laurent Sauvage","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut Telecom","Institut TELECOM"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut Telecom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205703379"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut TELECOM","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205703379"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008439372","display_name":"Sylvain Guilley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5044-3534"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205703379","display_name":"Institut Mines-T\u00e9l\u00e9com","ror":"https://ror.org/025vp2923","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205703379"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sylvain Guilley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut Telecom","Institut TELECOM"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut Telecom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205703379"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut TELECOM","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205703379"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089721534","display_name":"Yves Mathieu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205703379","display_name":"Institut Mines-T\u00e9l\u00e9com","ror":"https://ror.org/025vp2923","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205703379"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yves Mathieu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut Telecom","Institut TELECOM"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut Telecom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205703379"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut TELECOM","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205703379"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205703379"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.7709,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":51,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98079845,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"24"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.8315808176994324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7870510816574097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-analysis","display_name":"Power analysis","score":0.6393113136291504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/side-channel-attack","display_name":"Side channel attack","score":0.5963723063468933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.5282598733901978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-circuit","display_name":"Electronic circuit","score":0.49967169761657715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/line","display_name":"Line (geometry)","score":0.46534785628318787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.4241848587989807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/integrated-circuit","display_name":"Integrated circuit","score":0.4211846590042114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.4108409881591797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3906976282596588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.36617574095726013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.32462751865386963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2900277376174927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.1339462399482727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.11581376194953918}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.8315808176994324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7870510816574097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71743495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2845210","display_name":"Power analysis","level":3,"score":0.6393113136291504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49289754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267081","display_name":"Side channel attack","level":3,"score":0.5963723063468933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.5282598733901978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134146338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1815901","display_name":"Electronic circuit","level":2,"score":0.49967169761657715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198352243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37105","display_name":"Line (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.46534785628318787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.4241848587989807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C530198007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80831","display_name":"Integrated circuit","level":2,"score":0.4211846590042114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4108409881591797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3906976282596588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.36617574095726013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.32462751865386963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2900277376174927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.1339462399482727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11581376194953918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1502781.1502785","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1502781.1502785","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112809824","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and Systems","issn_l":"1936-7406","issn":["1936-7406","1936-7414"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.41999998688697815,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W156132949","https://openalex.org/W1480799882","https://openalex.org/W1491708407","https://openalex.org/W1502129853","https://openalex.org/W1506530330","https://openalex.org/W1510418153","https://openalex.org/W1511843316","https://openalex.org/W1519539754","https://openalex.org/W1533121298","https://openalex.org/W1540404582","https://openalex.org/W1557204831","https://openalex.org/W1560093457","https://openalex.org/W1562542037","https://openalex.org/W1584950990","https://openalex.org/W1611613623","https://openalex.org/W1702900248","https://openalex.org/W1724890242","https://openalex.org/W1774054610","https://openalex.org/W2012478492","https://openalex.org/W2047248627","https://openalex.org/W2084163800","https://openalex.org/W2100394341","https://openalex.org/W2100854379","https://openalex.org/W2126541236","https://openalex.org/W2134631869","https://openalex.org/W2136687465","https://openalex.org/W2141841663","https://openalex.org/W2154909745","https://openalex.org/W2163432699","https://openalex.org/W2199322517","https://openalex.org/W2247006822","https://openalex.org/W2403448438","https://openalex.org/W2542862245","https://openalex.org/W2546675775","https://openalex.org/W2561675875","https://openalex.org/W2914572864","https://openalex.org/W4237105648"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2548004008","https://openalex.org/W265063938","https://openalex.org/W2012930062","https://openalex.org/W3007132079","https://openalex.org/W2794898833","https://openalex.org/W2156466601","https://openalex.org/W2116502997","https://openalex.org/W2798781612","https://openalex.org/W2949421005","https://openalex.org/W2255916430"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Since":[0],"the":[1,76,119,169,189,192,202,215,224,242,250,254,257,268,289,297,301,307,317,323,327,333,336,341,359,367,369,375,396],"first":[2,225],"announcement":[3],"of":[4,85,172,191,201,227,244,253,270,291,300,326],"a":[5,198,210,280,355,381,385],"Side":[6],"Channel":[7],"Analysis":[8,70,80],"(SCA)":[9],"about":[10],"ten":[11],"years":[12],"ago,":[13],"considerable":[14],"research":[15],"has":[16,138,148,267],"been":[17,149],"devoted":[18],"to":[19,93,97,141,181,213,363,374],"studying":[20],"these":[21,90],"attacks":[22,41,345],"on":[23,155,354,358,384],"Application":[24],"Specific":[25],"Integrated":[26],"Circuits":[27],"(ASICs),":[28],"such":[29],"as":[30,54,99,127,209,234,236],"smart":[31],"cards":[32],"or":[33],"TPMs.":[34],"In":[35,88,187,219,288],"this":[36,220,401],"article,":[37,221],"we":[38,222,239,260,294,310,379],"compare":[39,241],"power-line":[40],"with":[42,114,123,158,184,256,346],"ElectroMagnetic":[43,69],"(EM)":[44],"attacks,":[45,293,378],"specifically":[46],"targeting":[47],"Field":[48],"Programmable":[49],"Gate":[50],"Array":[51],"devices":[52,173],"(FPGAs),":[53],"they":[55,100],"are":[56,101,132,175,339],"becoming":[57,134],"widely":[58],"used":[59],"for":[60,165],"sensitive":[61],"applications":[62],"involving":[63],"cryptography.":[64],"We":[65,262,314,343],"show":[66],"experimentally":[67],"that":[68,107,174,264,296,316],"(EMA)":[71],"is":[72,178,207,232,304,312,394],"always":[73],"faster":[74],"than":[75,161,390],"historical":[77],"Differential":[78],"Power":[79],"(DPA)":[81],"in":[82,278,388,405],"retrieving":[83],"keys":[84],"symmetric":[86],"ciphers.":[87],"addition,":[89,188],"analyses":[91,145],"prove":[92],"be":[94,110,182,276],"very":[95],"convenient":[96],"conduct,":[98],"totally":[102],"non-invasive.":[103],"Research":[104],"reports":[105],"indicate":[106],"EMA":[108],"can":[109,275],"conducted":[111],"globally,":[112],"typically":[113],"macroscopic":[115],"home-made":[116],"coils":[117],"circling":[118],"device":[120,217],"under":[121],"attack,":[122],"fair":[124],"results.":[125],"However,":[126],"accurate":[128,235,348],"professional":[129],"EM":[130,144,205,258,265,292,318],"antennas":[131],"now":[133],"more":[135],"accessible,":[136],"it":[137],"become":[139],"commonplace":[140],"carry":[142],"out":[143,151],"locally.":[146],"Cartography":[147],"carried":[150],"by":[152],"optical":[153],"means":[154,212],"circuits":[156],"realized":[157],"technology":[159],"greater":[160],"250":[162],"nanometers.":[163],"Nonetheless,":[164],"deep":[166],"submicron":[167],"technologies,":[168],"feature":[170],"size":[171],"spied":[176],"upon":[177],"too":[179],"small":[180],"visible":[183],"photographic":[185,237],"techniques.":[186],"presence":[190],"6+":[193],"metallization":[194],"layers":[195],"obviously":[196],"prevents":[197],"direct":[199],"observation":[200],"layout.":[203],"Therefore,":[204],"imaging":[206,266,319],"emerging":[208],"relevant":[211],"discover":[214],"underlying":[216],"structure.":[218],"present":[223],"images":[226,259],"deep-submicron":[228],"FPGAs.":[229,406],"The":[230],"resolution":[231,309],"not":[233,305,321],"pictures:":[238],"notably":[240],"layout":[243,325],"toy":[245],"design":[246],"examples":[247],"placed":[248],"at":[249],"four":[251],"corners":[252],"FPGAs":[255],"collected.":[261],"observe":[263],"advantage":[269],"revealing":[271],"active":[272],"regions,":[273],"which":[274,338,393],"useful":[277],"locating":[279],"particular":[281],"processor":[282],"(visible":[283],"while":[284],"active---invisible":[285],"when":[286],"inactive).":[287],"context":[290],"stress":[295],"exact":[298,324],"localization":[299],"cryptographic":[302],"target":[303],"necessary:":[306],"coarse":[308],"obtain":[311],"sufficient.":[313],"note":[315],"does":[320],"reveal":[322],"FPGA,":[328],"but":[329],"instead":[330],"directly":[331,365],"guides":[332],"attacker":[334],"towards":[335],"areas":[337],"leaking":[340],"most.":[342],"achieve":[344],"an":[347],"sensor,":[349],"both":[350],"far":[351],"from":[352],"(namely":[353,364],"SMC":[356],"capacitor":[357],"board)":[360],"and":[361],"close":[362],"over":[366],"FPGA)":[368],"encryption":[370,402],"co-processor.":[371],"As":[372],"compared":[373],"previously":[376],"published":[377],"report":[380],"successful":[382],"attack":[383],"DES":[386],"module":[387],"fewer":[389],"6,300":[391],"measurements,":[392],"currently":[395],"best":[397],"cracking":[398],"performance":[399],"against":[400],"algorithm":[403],"implemented":[404]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}