{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1983125802","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1500518.1500609","title":"Automated workflow control","display_name":"Automated workflow control","publication_year":1980,"publication_date":"1980-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1983125802","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1500518.1500609","mag":"1983125802"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1500518.1500609","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1500518.1500609","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/1500518.1500609","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the May 19-22, 1980, national computer conference on - AFIPS '80","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/1500518.1500609","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044886038","display_name":"Laura Baumann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8167-8205"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105579","display_name":"Minneapolis Business College","ror":"https://ror.org/01e33x915","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105579"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"L. S. Baumann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sperry Univac, Roseville, Minnesota"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sperry Univac, Roseville, Minnesota","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105579"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077172463","display_name":"R. D. Coop","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105579","display_name":"Minneapolis Business College","ror":"https://ror.org/01e33x915","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105579"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. D. Coop","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sperry Univac, Roseville, Minnesota"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sperry Univac, Roseville, Minnesota","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105579"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044886038"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105579"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.2987,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96853722,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"549","last_page":"549"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13204","display_name":"Competitive and Knowledge Intelligence","score":0.9815999865531921,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13204","display_name":"Competitive and Knowledge Intelligence","score":0.9815999865531921,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10215","display_name":"Semantic Web and Ontologies","score":0.9451000094413757,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/productivity","display_name":"Productivity","score":0.776139497756958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workflow","display_name":"Workflow","score":0.7432221174240112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.7364705801010132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanization","display_name":"Mechanization","score":0.5970234274864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/factory","display_name":"Factory (object-oriented programming)","score":0.5705084800720215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.5351451635360718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/production","display_name":"Production (economics)","score":0.4975767433643341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/product","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","score":0.49727824330329895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.49545419216156006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-revolution","display_name":"Industrial Revolution","score":0.4911172091960907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outsourcing","display_name":"Outsourcing","score":0.4824288785457611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/office-automation","display_name":"Office automation","score":0.46420082449913025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variable","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","score":0.4473770558834076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.446696937084198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/manufacturing-engineering","display_name":"Manufacturing engineering","score":0.44121211767196655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-management","display_name":"Operations management","score":0.433838814496994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-engineering","display_name":"Industrial engineering","score":0.3896934986114502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labour-economics","display_name":"Labour economics","score":0.3495754599571228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.34911179542541504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.2660817503929138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.21743813157081604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.14338645339012146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-growth","display_name":"Economic growth","score":0.1380174458026886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marketing","display_name":"Marketing","score":0.13597309589385986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.10698112845420837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.10386708378791809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.09862726926803589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microeconomics","display_name":"Microeconomics","score":0.09364718198776245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.0825698971748352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08237236738204956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.0751447081565857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agriculture","display_name":"Agriculture","score":0.07496809959411621}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.776139497756958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.7432221174240112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.7364705801010132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205797222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1160362","display_name":"Mechanization","level":3,"score":0.5970234274864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40149104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5620977","display_name":"Factory (object-oriented programming)","level":2,"score":0.5705084800720215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5351451635360718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.4975767433643341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90673727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.49727824330329895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.49545419216156006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C517468935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2269","display_name":"Industrial Revolution","level":2,"score":0.4911172091960907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46934059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61515","display_name":"Outsourcing","level":2,"score":0.4824288785457611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779518306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2734036","display_name":"Office automation","level":2,"score":0.46420082449913025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4473770558834076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.446696937084198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117671659","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11049265","display_name":"Manufacturing engineering","level":1,"score":0.44121211767196655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.433838814496994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13736549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4489420","display_name":"Industrial engineering","level":1,"score":0.3896934986114502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.3495754599571228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.34911179542541504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.2660817503929138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.21743813157081604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.14338645339012146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.1380174458026886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.13597309589385986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.10698112845420837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.10386708378791809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.09862726926803589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.09364718198776245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0825698971748352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08237236738204956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0751447081565857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.07496809959411621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1500518.1500609","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1500518.1500609","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/1500518.1500609","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the May 19-22, 1980, national computer conference on - AFIPS '80","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1500518.1500609","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1500518.1500609","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/1500518.1500609","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the May 19-22, 1980, national computer conference on - AFIPS '80","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.7300000190734863}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1983125802.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1983125802.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W117319559","https://openalex.org/W431154137","https://openalex.org/W1504075098","https://openalex.org/W1529975861","https://openalex.org/W1551644145","https://openalex.org/W1566936261","https://openalex.org/W1766924540","https://openalex.org/W2801525386","https://openalex.org/W4301339660","https://openalex.org/W6630125052","https://openalex.org/W6697557783"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2358200898","https://openalex.org/W2325765407","https://openalex.org/W618293728","https://openalex.org/W2291845669","https://openalex.org/W2788012436","https://openalex.org/W200604156","https://openalex.org/W4231184955","https://openalex.org/W2374784346","https://openalex.org/W4286615217","https://openalex.org/W3154723744"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Until":[0],"the":[1,7,11,14,32,35,51,54,83],"mid":[2],"nineteenth":[3],"century,":[4],"labor":[5,88],"in":[6,19,94],"United":[8],"States":[9],"and":[10,76,85,101],"rest":[12],"of":[13,34,53,96],"world":[15],"was":[16,66],"primarily":[17,82],"manual":[18,87],"nature.":[20],"Productivity":[21],"improvements":[22],"were":[23,73,81,91],"obtained":[24],"by":[25],"improving":[26],"workflow":[27],"or":[28],"decreasing":[29],"wages.":[30],"After":[31],"start":[33],"industrial":[36],"revolution,":[37],"a":[38],"third":[39],"variable":[40],"affecting":[41],"productivity":[42],"arose.":[43],"Mechanization":[44,65],"(later":[45],"to":[46,61,68,103],"be":[47,62],"called":[48],"automation":[49],"with":[50],"introduction":[52],"computer)":[55],"allowed":[56],"product":[57],"output":[58],"per":[59],"worker":[60],"greatly":[63],"increased.":[64],"applied":[67],"those":[69],"work":[70],"tasks":[71],"which":[72,90],"well":[74],"structured":[75],"easily":[77],"implementable.":[78],"These":[79],"areas":[80],"farm":[84],"factory":[86],"activities":[89],"very":[92],"expensive":[93],"terms":[95],"manpower.":[97],"Production":[98],"increased":[99],"sharply":[100],"continues":[102],"make":[104],"steady":[105],"improvement":[106],"even":[107],"today.":[108]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
