{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2083599096","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1500412.1500447","title":"CARL","display_name":"CARL","publication_year":1981,"publication_date":"1981-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2083599096","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1500412.1500447","mag":"2083599096"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1500412.1500447","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1500412.1500447","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/1500412.1500447","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the May 4-7, 1981, national computer conference on - AFIPS '81","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/1500412.1500447","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088366692","display_name":"E. Levinson","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72090969","display_name":"Nokia (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/038km2573","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2738502077","https://openalex.org/I72090969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E. Levinson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bell Laboratories, Whippany, New Jersey","Bell Laboratories, Whippany, New Jersey#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bell Laboratories, Whippany, New Jersey","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bell Laboratories, Whippany, New Jersey#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72090969"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110240604","display_name":"Leon S. Levy","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72090969","display_name":"Nokia (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/038km2573","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2738502077","https://openalex.org/I72090969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L. S. Levy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bell Laboratories, Whippany, New Jersey","Bell Laboratories, Whippany, New Jersey#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bell Laboratories, Whippany, New Jersey","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bell Laboratories, Whippany, New Jersey#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72090969"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082302187","display_name":"Jared B. Salisbury","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72090969","display_name":"Nokia (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/038km2573","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2738502077","https://openalex.org/I72090969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. B. Salisbury","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bell Laboratories, Whippany, New Jersey","Bell Laboratories, Whippany, New Jersey#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bell Laboratories, Whippany, New Jersey","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bell Laboratories, Whippany, New Jersey#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72090969"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.24401914,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"241","last_page":"241"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11986","display_name":"Scientific Computing and Data Management","score":0.9606000185012817,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11986","display_name":"Scientific Computing and Data Management","score":0.9606000185012817,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.932200014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7895276546478271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structuring","display_name":"Structuring","score":0.762782096862793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.5948650240898132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modular-design","display_name":"Modular design","score":0.53916996717453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.48957738280296326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.4846942722797394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-lines-of-code","display_name":"Source lines of code","score":0.4809679090976715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4664444625377655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-construction","display_name":"Software construction","score":0.44106683135032654}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7895276546478271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775945657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381442","display_name":"Structuring","level":2,"score":0.762782096862793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.5948650240898132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.53916996717453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.48957738280296326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.4846942722797394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199519371","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q942695","display_name":"Source lines of code","level":3,"score":0.4809679090976715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4664444625377655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186846655","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3398377","display_name":"Software construction","level":4,"score":0.44106683135032654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1500412.1500447","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1500412.1500447","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/1500412.1500447","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the May 4-7, 1981, national computer conference on - AFIPS '81","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1500412.1500447","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1500412.1500447","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/1500412.1500447","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the May 4-7, 1981, national computer conference on - AFIPS '81","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.5899999737739563,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2083599096.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2083599096.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2000562575","https://openalex.org/W2056892625","https://openalex.org/W2073544767","https://openalex.org/W2105986919","https://openalex.org/W2134119432","https://openalex.org/W2337294341","https://openalex.org/W2401610261","https://openalex.org/W4235077482","https://openalex.org/W4255167282","https://openalex.org/W4302201098","https://openalex.org/W6632134897","https://openalex.org/W6644040475","https://openalex.org/W6648575615","https://openalex.org/W6649922654","https://openalex.org/W6668859562","https://openalex.org/W6758377368"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4214835859","https://openalex.org/W2380017313","https://openalex.org/W2520111506","https://openalex.org/W2359702179","https://openalex.org/W4312927049","https://openalex.org/W2366623749","https://openalex.org/W39186842","https://openalex.org/W2984668418","https://openalex.org/W2394328671","https://openalex.org/W2330428294"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"medium":[1],"size":[2],"application":[3],"program":[4],"(~":[5],"45,000":[6],"lines":[7],"of":[8,30],"source":[9],"code)":[10],"was":[11],"developed":[12],"using":[13],"a":[14],"modular":[15],"design":[16],"and":[17,42],"Liskov's":[18],"clusters":[19],"as":[20],"the":[21,28,34,39],"main":[22],"structuring":[23],"data":[24],"mechanism.":[25],"We":[26],"discuss":[27],"implications":[29],"this":[31],"approach":[32],"to":[33],"overall":[35],"software":[36,43],"development,":[37],"including":[38],"supporting":[40],"abstractions":[41],"tools":[44],"needed.":[45]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}