{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2037129676","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1499586.1499657","title":"Fourth generation data management systems","display_name":"Fourth generation data management systems","publication_year":1973,"publication_date":"1973-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2037129676","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1499586.1499657","mag":"2037129676"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1499586.1499657","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1499586.1499657","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the June 4-8, 1973, national computer conference and exposition on - AFIPS '73","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091252931","display_name":"Kevin M. Whitney","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118136607","display_name":"General Motors (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05addee68","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118136607"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kevin M. Whitney","raw_affiliation_strings":["General Motors Research Laboratories , Warren, Michigan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"General Motors Research Laboratories , Warren, Michigan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118136607"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5091252931"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118136607"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.0891,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98231511,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"239","last_page":"239"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10317","display_name":"Advanced Database Systems and Queries","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10317","display_name":"Advanced Database Systems and Queries","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10715","display_name":"Distributed and Parallel Computing Systems","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11986","display_name":"Scientific Computing and Data Management","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.776329517364502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-management","display_name":"Data management","score":0.6400237083435059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generality","display_name":"Generality","score":0.5999244451522827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management-system","display_name":"Management system","score":0.5316950082778931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programmer","display_name":"Programmer","score":0.5156794786453247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.5059844851493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-access","display_name":"Data access","score":0.48617023229599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.47384434938430786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.4704873859882355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability","display_name":"Usability","score":0.450784832239151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.2617700397968292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.237391859292984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11644133925437927}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.776329517364502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1668388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1149776","display_name":"Data management","level":2,"score":0.6400237083435059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780767217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532421","display_name":"Generality","level":2,"score":0.5999244451522827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198783460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629173","display_name":"Management system","level":2,"score":0.5316950082778931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778514511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1374194","display_name":"Programmer","level":2,"score":0.5156794786453247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5059844851493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47487241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227230","display_name":"Data access","level":2,"score":0.48617023229599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.47384434938430786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.4704873859882355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.450784832239151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.2617700397968292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.237391859292984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11644133925437927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1499586.1499657","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1499586.1499657","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the June 4-8, 1973, national computer conference and exposition on - AFIPS '73","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2049947953","https://openalex.org/W2095632624","https://openalex.org/W2165467455"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2045049461","https://openalex.org/W1978893398","https://openalex.org/W2201908702","https://openalex.org/W4381094582","https://openalex.org/W2369625323","https://openalex.org/W2364579609","https://openalex.org/W1977906818","https://openalex.org/W4234338782","https://openalex.org/W2159897881","https://openalex.org/W1587608488"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Many":[0],"hundreds":[1],"of":[2,17,20,27,48,52,58,92,98,122,128,152,155,163,177,180,199],"programming":[3],"systems":[4,31,134,167,183],"have":[5],"been":[6],"developed":[7],"in":[8,14,24,34,159,187,207],"recent":[9],"years":[10],"to":[11,44],"aid":[12],"programmers":[13],"the":[15,25,46,49,74,96,126,147,160,173,197],"management":[16,30,54,60,124,166,182],"large":[18,153],"amounnts":[19],"data.":[21],"Some":[22],"trends":[23],"development":[26,127],"these":[28,178],"data":[29,53,59,86,123,165,181,200],"are":[32,157],"followed":[33],"this":[35,205],"paper":[36],"and":[37,85,102,131,139,150,172,192],"combined":[38],"with":[39,68,95],"ideas":[40],"now":[41],"being":[42],"studied":[43],"predict":[45],"architecture":[47],"next":[50],"generation":[51,91,121,162],"systems.":[55],"The":[56,119],"evolution":[57],"facilities":[61,93,145],"can":[62],"be":[63],"grouped":[64],"into":[65],"several":[66],"generations":[67,179],"fuzzy":[69],"boundaries.":[70],"Generation":[71],"zero":[72],"was":[73,125],"era":[75],"when":[76],"each":[77],"programmer":[78],"wrote":[79],"all":[80,108],"his":[81],"own":[82],"input,":[83],"output,":[84],"manipulation":[87,130],"facilities.":[88],"A":[89],"new":[90],"occurred":[94],"use":[97],"standard":[99,103],"access":[100],"methods":[101],"input/output":[104],"conversion":[105],"routines":[106],"for":[107,146],"programs":[109],"at":[110],"an":[111],"installation":[112],"or":[113],"on":[114,196],"a":[115],"particular":[116],"computer":[117],"system.":[118],"second":[120],"file":[129],"report":[132],"writing":[133],"such":[135,168],"as":[136,169],"RPG,":[137],"EASYTRIEVE,":[138],"MARK":[140],"IV.":[141],"Much":[142],"more":[143,208],"comprehensive":[144],"creation,":[148],"updating,":[149],"accessing":[151],"structures":[154],"files":[156],"included":[158],"third":[161],"generalized":[164],"IMS/2,":[170],"IDS,":[171],"CODASYL":[174],"specifications.":[175],"Each":[176],"marked":[184],"great":[185],"increases":[186],"system":[188],"flexibility,":[189],"generality,":[190],"modularity,":[191],"usability.":[193],"Before":[194],"speculating":[195],"future":[198],"management,":[201],"let":[202],"us":[203],"survey":[204],"history":[206],"detail.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
