{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2105621584","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1479064.1479112","title":"Problems in, and a pragmatic approach to, programming language measurement","display_name":"Problems in, and a pragmatic approach to, programming language measurement","publication_year":1971,"publication_date":"1971-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2105621584","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1479064.1479112","mag":"2105621584"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1479064.1479112","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1479064.1479112","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/1479064.1479112","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the May 16-18, 1972, spring joint computer conference on - AFIPS '72 (Spring)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/1479064.1479112","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042635689","display_name":"Jean \u0395. Sammet","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087032","display_name":"Cambridge Scientific (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/001s4dh65","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087032"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jean E. Sammet","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Corporation, Cambridge, Massachusetts","IBM Corporation Cambridge, Massachusetts"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Corporation, Cambridge, Massachusetts","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087032"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Corporation Cambridge, Massachusetts","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087032"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042635689"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087032"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.3011,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9728038,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"243","last_page":"243"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8500598669052124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compiler","display_name":"Compiler","score":0.8179260492324829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.7820361256599426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5992492437362671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-code","display_name":"Object code","score":0.5297357439994812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-level-programming-language","display_name":"Low-level programming language","score":0.529403567314148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.516068160533905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranking","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","score":0.4997711181640625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hierarchy","display_name":"Hierarchy","score":0.48421669006347656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/second-generation-programming-language","display_name":"Second-generation programming language","score":0.4660426676273346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fourth-generation-programming-language","display_name":"Fourth-generation programming language","score":0.4383794367313385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-level-programming-language","display_name":"High-level programming language","score":0.41930124163627625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fifth-generation-programming-language","display_name":"Fifth-generation programming language","score":0.4066758155822754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-paradigm","display_name":"Programming paradigm","score":0.2675277590751648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.229055255651474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/functional-logic-programming","display_name":"Functional logic programming","score":0.14494848251342773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-generation","display_name":"Code generation","score":0.11453565955162048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-domain","display_name":"Programming domain","score":0.10557982325553894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inductive-programming","display_name":"Inductive programming","score":0.06376802921295166}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8500598669052124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169590947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47506","display_name":"Compiler","level":2,"score":0.8179260492324829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.7820361256599426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5992492437362671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154526789","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q157965","display_name":"Object code","level":4,"score":0.5297357439994812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124577441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q558937","display_name":"Low-level programming language","level":5,"score":0.529403567314148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.516068160533905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189430467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293293","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","level":2,"score":0.4997711181640625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31170391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188619","display_name":"Hierarchy","level":2,"score":0.48421669006347656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11164408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18657800","display_name":"Second-generation programming language","level":4,"score":0.4660426676273346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145628200","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q238137","display_name":"Fourth-generation programming language","level":5,"score":0.4383794367313385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19024347","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211496","display_name":"High-level programming language","level":3,"score":0.41930124163627625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199305712","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3205914","display_name":"Fifth-generation programming language","level":3,"score":0.4066758155822754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34165917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188267","display_name":"Programming paradigm","level":2,"score":0.2675277590751648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.229055255651474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96315309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5508829","display_name":"Functional logic programming","level":4,"score":0.14494848251342773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133162039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061077","display_name":"Code generation","level":3,"score":0.11453565955162048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119263510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7248501","display_name":"Programming domain","level":4,"score":0.10557982325553894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50033165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15712089","display_name":"Inductive programming","level":3,"score":0.06376802921295166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1479064.1479112","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1479064.1479112","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/1479064.1479112","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the May 16-18, 1972, spring joint computer conference on - AFIPS '72 (Spring)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1479064.1479112","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1479064.1479112","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/1479064.1479112","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the May 16-18, 1972, spring joint computer conference on - AFIPS '72 (Spring)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7900000214576721,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2105621584.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2105621584.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":2,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2023907376","https://openalex.org/W2130082069"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2460526744","https://openalex.org/W2011125713","https://openalex.org/W2678467022","https://openalex.org/W4241903421","https://openalex.org/W2338825929","https://openalex.org/W2298375056","https://openalex.org/W2136082791","https://openalex.org/W3022085614","https://openalex.org/W19034203","https://openalex.org/W2081952504"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Although":[0],"considerable":[1],"attention":[2],"has":[3,33],"been":[4,34],"given":[5,71,124],"to":[6,57,65,106,110],"the":[7,116],"measurement":[8,37],"of":[9,13,16,22,28,38,51,83,103,128],"compilers":[10],"(e.g.,":[11],"size":[12,27],"compiler,":[14],"amount":[15],"memory":[17],"needed":[18],"for":[19,60,100],"compilation,":[20],"speed":[21],"compilation":[23],"and":[24,53,113],"object":[25,29],"program,":[26],"code),":[30],"virtually":[31],"nothing":[32],"done":[35],"about":[36],"languages.":[39],"This":[40],"is":[41,85,121,132],"not":[42],"an":[43],"empty":[44],"issue,":[45],"because":[46],"there":[47],"are":[48,76],"a":[49,95,101,123],"number":[50],"relevant":[52],"significant":[54],"questions":[55],"pertaining":[56],"programming":[58],"languages":[59,73,104],"which":[61,74,130],"we":[62,93],"would":[63],"like":[64,87],"have":[66],"(quantitative)":[67],"answers.":[68],"For":[69],"example,":[70],"three":[72],"two":[75],"most":[77,86,117],"alike?":[78],"By":[79],"what":[80],"criteria?":[81],"Which":[82],"them":[84],"some":[88],"fourth":[89],"language?":[90],"How":[91],"could":[92],"develop":[94],"general":[96],"ranking":[97],"or":[98,126],"hierarchy":[99],"set":[102,127],"according":[105],"features":[107],"so":[108],"as":[109],"handle":[111],"subsets":[112],"extensions?":[114],"Probably":[115],"important":[118],"practical":[119],"question":[120],"\"For":[122],"application":[125],"applications,":[129],"language":[131],"best?\"":[133]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}