{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2156476588","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1476793.1476890","title":"Standardization of high-level languages","display_name":"Standardization of high-level languages","publication_year":1969,"publication_date":"1969-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2156476588","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1476793.1476890","mag":"2156476588"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1476793.1476890","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1476793.1476890","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the May 14-16, 1969, spring joint computer conference on XX - AFIPS '69 (Spring)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006593321","display_name":"Grace Murray Hopper","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3130687028","display_name":"United States Department of the Navy","ror":"https://ror.org/03ar0mv07","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I3130687028"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Grace Murray Hopper","raw_affiliation_strings":["Navy Programming Languages Group, Washington, D.C"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Navy Programming Languages Group, Washington, D.C","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3130687028"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006593321"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3130687028"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.8725,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92568162,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"608","last_page":"608"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9664999842643738,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9664999842643738,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9466000199317932,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9175999760627747,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cobol","display_name":"COBOL","score":0.9215182065963745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.801999568939209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standardization","display_name":"Standardization","score":0.7564817667007446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/documentation","display_name":"Documentation","score":0.73383629322052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transferability","display_name":"Transferability","score":0.6955764293670654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.6818972826004028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/second-generation-programming-language","display_name":"Second-generation programming language","score":0.5405006408691406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.5302395820617676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/third-generation-programming-language","display_name":"Third-generation programming language","score":0.48960596323013306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/debugging","display_name":"Debugging","score":0.43267637491226196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fortran","display_name":"Fortran","score":0.4145807921886444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fifth-generation-programming-language","display_name":"Fifth-generation programming language","score":0.1880110502243042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-paradigm","display_name":"Programming paradigm","score":0.15040233731269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.128362238407135}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128595289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131140","display_name":"COBOL","level":2,"score":0.9215182065963745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.801999568939209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188087704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q369577","display_name":"Standardization","level":2,"score":0.7564817667007446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56666940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788790","display_name":"Documentation","level":2,"score":0.73383629322052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61272859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7834031","display_name":"Transferability","level":3,"score":0.6955764293670654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.6818972826004028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11164408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18657800","display_name":"Second-generation programming language","level":4,"score":0.5405006408691406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.5302395820617676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206146517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1294375","display_name":"Third-generation programming language","level":5,"score":0.48960596323013306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168065819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845566","display_name":"Debugging","level":2,"score":0.43267637491226196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778241615","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83303","display_name":"Fortran","level":2,"score":0.4145807921886444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199305712","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3205914","display_name":"Fifth-generation programming language","level":3,"score":0.1880110502243042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34165917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188267","display_name":"Programming paradigm","level":2,"score":0.15040233731269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.128362238407135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140331021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1868104","display_name":"Logit","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1476793.1476890","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1476793.1476890","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the May 14-16, 1969, spring joint computer conference on XX - AFIPS '69 (Spring)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.550000011920929,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4240518581","https://openalex.org/W1964232357","https://openalex.org/W193760817","https://openalex.org/W176976050","https://openalex.org/W1602760582","https://openalex.org/W2123537966","https://openalex.org/W385926444","https://openalex.org/W1978527162","https://openalex.org/W2885080769","https://openalex.org/W4251101850"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,16,33,53],"terms":[1],"\"compatibility\",":[2],"commonality,\"":[3],"and":[4,14,31,44,90,97],"\"transferability\"":[5],"are":[6,56],"used":[7],"in":[8,67],"discussing":[9],"the":[10,24,68,74,82,91],"mobility":[11,22],"of":[12,26,35,50,70,93],"programs":[13,71,94],"programmers.":[15],"common":[17],"element":[18,49],"essential":[19,59],"to":[20,80,88],"such":[21,39,51],"is":[23,46],"establishment":[25],"standards":[27],"for":[28,60,95],"programs,":[29],"programmers,":[30],"documentation.":[32],"adoption":[34],"high-level":[36,54],"programming":[37],"languages":[38,55],"as":[40],"COBOL,":[41],"FORTRAN,":[42],"ALGOL,":[43],"JOVIAL":[45],"a":[47],"required":[48],"standards.":[52],"innately":[57],"self-documenting---an":[58],"transferability.":[61],"Thus,":[62],"their":[63],"use":[64],"provides":[65],"assistance":[66],"transfer":[69,92],"among":[72],"activities;":[73],"conversion":[75,83],"from":[76,84],"one":[77,85],"computer":[78,86],"generation":[79],"another;":[81,89],"manufacturer":[87],"back-up":[96],"readiness.":[98]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
