{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2033261979","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1476589.1476653","title":"Procedural semantics for a question-answering machine","display_name":"Procedural semantics for a question-answering machine","publication_year":1968,"publication_date":"1968-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2033261979","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1476589.1476653","mag":"2033261979"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1476589.1476653","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1476589.1476653","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the December 9-11, 1968, fall joint computer conference, part I on - AFIPS '68 (Fall, part I)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115593293","display_name":"William A. Woods","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801851002","display_name":"Harvard University Press","ror":"https://ror.org/006v7bf86","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I2801851002"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"W. A. Woods","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801851002"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5115593293"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801851002"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":20.3142,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":127,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99127466,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"457","last_page":"457"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.98089998960495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8212343454360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentence","display_name":"Sentence","score":0.8204919099807739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.7986584901809692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/question-answering","display_name":"Question answering","score":0.7967666387557983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parsing","display_name":"Parsing","score":0.7845991849899292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6542644500732422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.6185218691825867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.6015238165855408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-role-labeling","display_name":"Semantic role labeling","score":0.585752010345459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-base","display_name":"Knowledge base","score":0.5202590227127075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.5120978355407715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-interpretation","display_name":"Semantic interpretation","score":0.4744074046611786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/component","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","score":0.4651414453983307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meaning","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","score":0.45607900619506836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subject","display_name":"Subject (documents)","score":0.4407691955566406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-analysis","display_name":"Semantic analysis (machine learning)","score":0.4326082766056061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/basis","display_name":"Basis (linear algebra)","score":0.43240275979042053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/explicit-semantic-analysis","display_name":"Explicit semantic analysis","score":0.4257364869117737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logical-form","display_name":"Logical form","score":0.42415016889572144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.420343279838562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-computing","display_name":"Semantic computing","score":0.2680322527885437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.1430124044418335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-technology","display_name":"Semantic technology","score":0.1070919930934906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08637934923171997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-web","display_name":"Semantic Web","score":0.0762072503566742}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8212343454360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.8204919099807739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.7986584901809692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44291984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074173","display_name":"Question answering","level":2,"score":0.7967666387557983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186644900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194152","display_name":"Parsing","level":2,"score":0.7845991849899292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6542644500732422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.6185218691825867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.6015238165855408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67277372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7449085","display_name":"Semantic role labeling","level":3,"score":0.585752010345459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4554734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q593744","display_name":"Knowledge base","level":2,"score":0.5202590227127075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.5120978355407715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193125573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7449065","display_name":"Semantic interpretation","level":2,"score":0.4744074046611786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.4651414453983307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780876879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3054749","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","level":2,"score":0.45607900619506836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777855551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12310021","display_name":"Subject (documents)","level":2,"score":0.4407691955566406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777946921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7449044","display_name":"Semantic analysis (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.4326082766056061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12426560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189569","display_name":"Basis (linear algebra)","level":2,"score":0.43240275979042053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173862523","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421270","display_name":"Explicit semantic analysis","level":5,"score":0.4257364869117737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778790839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6667497","display_name":"Logical form","level":2,"score":0.42415016889572144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.420343279838562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511149849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7449051","display_name":"Semantic computing","level":3,"score":0.2680322527885437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.1430124044418335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6881194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7449091","display_name":"Semantic technology","level":4,"score":0.1070919930934906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08637934923171997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2129575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q54837","display_name":"Semantic Web","level":2,"score":0.0762072503566742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161191863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199655","display_name":"Library science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1476589.1476653","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1476589.1476653","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the December 9-11, 1968, fall joint computer conference, part I on - AFIPS '68 (Fall, part I)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6700000166893005,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1979065383","https://openalex.org/W2035758894","https://openalex.org/W2135747859"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2610301736","https://openalex.org/W1995738778","https://openalex.org/W2549974446","https://openalex.org/W3141074955","https://openalex.org/W2964078224","https://openalex.org/W1984903994","https://openalex.org/W59669065","https://openalex.org/W2181656562","https://openalex.org/W4312888689","https://openalex.org/W4242718738"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Simmons":[0],"has":[1],"presented":[2],"a":[3,41,85,106],"survey":[4],"of":[5,40,43,79,96,108,114,121,155],"some":[6],"fifteen":[7],"experimental":[8],"question-answering":[9],"and":[10,31,67,165],"related":[11],"systems":[12,20],"which":[13,49,87],"have":[14],"been":[15],"constructed":[16],"since":[17],"1959.":[18],"These":[19],"take":[21],"input":[22,82],"questions":[23,36],"in":[24,72,141,148,163],"natural":[25],"English":[26],"(subject":[27],"to":[28,33,161],"varying":[29],"constraints)":[30],"attempt":[32],"answer":[34,127,137],"the":[35,38,46,53,81,90,94,97,102,109,115,126,130,136,142,149,152,158],"on":[37],"basis":[39],"body":[42],"information,":[44],"called":[45],"data":[47,131,143],"base,":[48,132],"is":[50],"stored":[51],"inside":[52],"computer.":[54],"This":[55],"process":[56],"can":[57],"be":[58],"conceptually":[59],"divided":[60],"into":[61,84],"three":[62],"phases---syntatic":[63],"analysis,":[64,66],"semantic":[65,110,166],"retrieval,":[68],"as":[69],"illustrated":[70],"schematically":[71],"Figure":[73],"1.":[74],"The":[75,117,145],"first":[76],"phase":[77,119],"consists":[78,120],"parsing":[80,164],"sentence":[83],"structure":[86],"explicitly":[88],"represents":[89],"grammatical":[91],"relationships":[92],"among":[93],"words":[95],"sentence.":[98,116],"Using":[99],"this":[100],"information":[101,139],"second":[103],"component":[104],"constructs":[105],"representation":[107],"content":[111],"or":[112,133],"\"meaning\"":[113],"remaining":[118],"procedures":[122],"for":[123],"either":[124],"retrieving":[125],"directly":[128],"from":[129,138,157],"else":[134],"deducing":[135],"contained":[140],"base.":[144],"dotted":[146],"lines":[147],"figure":[150],"represent":[151],"possible":[153],"use":[154],"feedback":[156],"later":[159],"stages":[160],"aid":[162],"interpretation.":[167]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":39},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
