{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2060734788","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1464052.1464082","title":"A laboratory for the study of graphical man-machine communication","display_name":"A laboratory for the study of graphical man-machine communication","publication_year":1964,"publication_date":"1964-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2060734788","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1464052.1464082","mag":"2060734788"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1464052.1464082","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1464052.1464082","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the October 27-29, 1964, fall joint computer conference, part I on XX - AFIPS '64 (Fall, part I)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-abstract","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020631857","display_name":"Edwin L. Jacks","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118136607","display_name":"General Motors (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05addee68","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118136607"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Edwin L. Jacks","raw_affiliation_strings":["General Motors Corporation, Warren, Michigan","General Motors Corp., Warren, Michigan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"General Motors Corporation, Warren, Michigan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118136607"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"General Motors Corp., Warren, Michigan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118136607"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020631857"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118136607"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":52,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"343","last_page":"343"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10672","display_name":"Design Education and Practice","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10672","display_name":"Design Education and Practice","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11159","display_name":"Manufacturing Process and Optimization","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11729","display_name":"Product Development and Customization","score":0.9416999816894531,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/desk","display_name":"Desk","score":0.6582042574882507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.636658251285553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-drawing","display_name":"Engineering drawing","score":0.6265814900398254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/product","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","score":0.618232250213623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/product-design","display_name":"Product design","score":0.6055063605308533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calculator","display_name":"Calculator","score":0.5104738473892212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/design-for-assembly","display_name":"Design for assembly","score":0.5097982287406921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.4817793071269989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-design-process","display_name":"Engineering design process","score":0.46013015508651733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/new-product-development","display_name":"New product development","score":0.45459747314453125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/product-design-specification","display_name":"Product design specification","score":0.4119589328765869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.35873472690582275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.28350913524627686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/design-for-manufacturability","display_name":"Design for manufacturability","score":0.21361929178237915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.1913091242313385}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776545233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1064858","display_name":"Desk","level":2,"score":0.6582042574882507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.636658251285553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199639397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1788588","display_name":"Engineering drawing","level":1,"score":0.6265814900398254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90673727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.618232250213623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120823896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1043226","display_name":"Product design","level":3,"score":0.6055063605308533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776836400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31087","display_name":"Calculator","level":2,"score":0.5104738473892212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113378356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2177154","display_name":"Design for assembly","level":3,"score":0.5097982287406921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.4817793071269989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34972735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920267","display_name":"Engineering design process","level":2,"score":0.46013015508651733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19351080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1395034","display_name":"New product development","level":2,"score":0.45459747314453125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45135082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16960030","display_name":"Product design specification","level":4,"score":0.4119589328765869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.35873472690582275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.28350913524627686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62064638","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q553878","display_name":"Design for manufacturability","level":2,"score":0.21361929178237915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.1913091242313385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1464052.1464082","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1464052.1464082","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the October 27-29, 1964, fall joint computer conference, part I on XX - AFIPS '64 (Fall, part I)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2065996190","https://openalex.org/W2132233302","https://openalex.org/W2136406606","https://openalex.org/W2161241065","https://openalex.org/W2161443285","https://openalex.org/W2923626249"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2475866497","https://openalex.org/W1490606327","https://openalex.org/W2561023381","https://openalex.org/W2090474563","https://openalex.org/W2050154068","https://openalex.org/W4306815214","https://openalex.org/W2755788462","https://openalex.org/W2057270163","https://openalex.org/W2968725007","https://openalex.org/W3153140093"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Engineering":[0],"has":[1,54],"evolved":[2],"rapidly":[3],"during":[4],"the":[5,14,55,73,82,85,89,103,126,132,136,140,149],"last":[6],"fifteen":[7],"years":[8],"as":[9],"analysis":[10],"techniques":[11,28,40],"geared":[12],"to":[13,46,106,139],"computational":[15],"power":[16],"of":[17,33,43,57,72,75,125,151],"a":[18,66,76,116,122],"slide":[19],"rule":[20],"and":[21,88,100,155],"desk":[22],"calculator":[23],"have":[24,49],"been":[25],"replaced":[26],"by":[27,131,148],"which":[29],"make":[30],"extensive":[31],"use":[32,150],"computers.":[34],"During":[35],"these":[36],"years,":[37],"however,":[38],"graphical":[39,96],"for":[41],"conversion":[42],"design":[44,61,80,86],"ideas":[45,145],"final":[47,141],"products":[48],"not":[50],"changed":[51],"significantly,":[52],"nor":[53],"role":[56,68],"drawings":[58],"in":[59,69],"engineering":[60,83,156],"changed.":[62],"The":[63,78],"drawing":[64,117],"plays":[65],"vital":[67],"each":[70],"phase":[71],"evolution":[74],"product.":[77,137],"original":[79],"proposals,":[81],"analysis,":[84],"compromises,":[87],"prototype":[90],"product":[91,104,127,142],"fabrication":[92],"all":[93],"depend":[94],"on":[95],"communication":[97],"among":[98],"engineers":[99,133],"designers.":[101],"Whether":[102],"is":[105,118],"be":[107,129],"machined,":[108],"assembled,":[109],"stamped,":[110],"wired,":[111],"welded":[112],"or":[113],"hand":[114],"modeled,":[115],"made":[119],"so":[120],"that":[121],"two-dimensional":[123],"representation":[124],"may":[128],"reviewed":[130],"concerned":[134],"with":[135],"Prior":[138],"drawing,":[143],"many":[144],"are":[146],"exchanged":[147],"sketches,":[152],"drawings,":[153],"plots,":[154],"reports.":[157]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}