{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2027283645","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/142750.142777","title":"Designing usable systems under real-world constraints","display_name":"Designing usable systems under real-world constraints","publication_year":1992,"publication_date":"1992-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2027283645","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/142750.142777","mag":"2027283645"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/142750.142777","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/142750.142777","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/142750.142777","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems  - CHI '92","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/142750.142777","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069844391","display_name":"Robert M. Mulligan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283103587","display_name":"AT&T (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02bbd5539","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283103587"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert M. Mulligan","raw_affiliation_strings":["","AT&T Bell Laboratories 101 Crawfords Comer Rd, Rm. 2D-608A, PO Box 3030, Holmdel, NJ 07733-3030"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"AT&T Bell Laboratories 101 Crawfords Comer Rd, Rm. 2D-608A, PO Box 3030, Holmdel, NJ 07733-3030","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283103587"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039952527","display_name":"M. Dieli","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801120396","display_name":"Boeing (Australia)","ror":"https://ror.org/0346ase89","country_code":"AU","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1295339012","https://openalex.org/I2801120396"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mary Dieli","raw_affiliation_strings":["","Boeing Computer Services"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Boeing Computer Services","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801120396"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024629178","display_name":"Jakob Nielsen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1554-3062"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801120396","display_name":"Boeing (Australia)","ror":"https://ror.org/0346ase89","country_code":"AU","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1295339012","https://openalex.org/I2801120396"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jakob Nielsen","raw_affiliation_strings":["","Boeing Computer Services"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Boeing Computer Services","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801120396"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059571538","display_name":"Steven Poltrock","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801120396","display_name":"Boeing (Australia)","ror":"https://ror.org/0346ase89","country_code":"AU","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1295339012","https://openalex.org/I2801120396"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steven Poltrock","raw_affiliation_strings":["","Boeing Computer Services"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Boeing Computer Services","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801120396"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109814385","display_name":"Daniel Rosenberg","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Rosenberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["","International"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"International","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073659956","display_name":"Susan Erlich Rudman","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Susan Erlich Rudman","raw_affiliation_strings":[""],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.2047,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91241685,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"149","last_page":"152"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10470","display_name":"Usability and User Interface Design","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10470","display_name":"Usability and User Interface Design","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12607","display_name":"Personal Information Management and User Behavior","score":0.9513999819755554,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9302999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usable","display_name":"USable","score":0.8372362852096558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/citation","display_name":"Citation","score":0.7654026746749878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.613211452960968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.5498438477516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mulligan","display_name":"Mulligan","score":0.5098242163658142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.19741317629814148}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780615836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2471869","display_name":"USable","level":2,"score":0.8372362852096558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778805511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1713","display_name":"Citation","level":2,"score":0.7654026746749878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.613211452960968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.5498438477516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142262419","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852459","display_name":"Mulligan","level":2,"score":0.5098242163658142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.19741317629814148}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/142750.142777","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/142750.142777","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/142750.142777","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems  - CHI '92","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/142750.142777","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/142750.142777","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/142750.142777","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems  - CHI '92","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2027283645.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2027283645.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":2,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1988410705","https://openalex.org/W2069529301"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2547728108","https://openalex.org/W1483584838","https://openalex.org/W1483845062","https://openalex.org/W1415634652","https://openalex.org/W2323581027","https://openalex.org/W4252389087","https://openalex.org/W2901286952","https://openalex.org/W951335392","https://openalex.org/W2766007331"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Article":[0],"Free":[1],"Access":[2],"Share":[3],"on":[4,57,110],"Designing":[5],"usable":[6],"systems":[7],"under":[8],"real-world":[9],"constraints:":[10],"a":[11,96,128],"practitioners":[12],"forum":[13],"Authors:":[14],"Robert":[15],"M.":[16],"Mulligan":[17],"View":[18,23,28,33,38,44],"Profile":[19,24,29,34,39,45],",":[20,25,30,35,40],"Mary":[21],"Dieli":[22],"Jakob":[26],"Nielsen":[27],"Steven":[31],"Poltrock":[32],"Daniel":[36],"Rosenberg":[37],"Susan":[41],"Erlich":[42],"Rudman":[43],"Authors":[46],"Info":[47],"&":[48],"Claims":[49],"CHI":[50],"'92:":[51],"Proceedings":[52],"of":[53],"the":[54,111],"SIGCHI":[55],"Conference":[56],"Human":[58],"Factors":[59],"in":[60,119],"Computing":[61],"SystemsJune":[62],"1992":[63],"Pages":[64],"149\u2013152https://doi.org/10.1145/142750.142777Online:01":[65],"June":[66],"1992Publication":[67],"History":[68],"7citation529DownloadsMetricsTotal":[69],"Citations7Total":[70],"Downloads529Last":[71],"12":[72],"Months11Last":[73],"6":[74],"weeks7":[75],"Get":[76],"Citation":[77,79,116],"AlertsNew":[78,115],"Alert":[80],"added!This":[81],"alert":[82,107],"has":[83,102],"been":[84,103],"successfully":[85],"added":[86],"and":[87],"will":[88,92],"be":[89,93],"sent":[90],"to:You":[91],"notified":[94],"whenever":[95],"record":[97],"that":[98],"you":[99],"have":[100],"chosen":[101],"cited.To":[104],"manage":[105],"your":[106,121],"preferences,":[108],"click":[109],"button":[112],"below.Manage":[113],"my":[114],"Alert!Please":[117],"log":[118],"to":[120,124,126],"account":[122],"Save":[123],"BinderSave":[125],"BinderCreate":[127],"New":[129],"BinderNameCancelCreateExport":[130],"CitationPublisher":[131],"SiteeReaderPDF":[132]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}