{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2070088936","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1408681.1408688","title":"Gradual typing with unification-based inference","display_name":"Gradual typing with unification-based inference","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-07-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2070088936","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1408681.1408688","mag":"2070088936"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/1408681.1408688","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1408681.1408688","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2008 symposium on Dynamic languages","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033999458","display_name":"Jeremy G. Siek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9894-4856"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802236040","display_name":"University of Colorado System","ror":"https://ror.org/00jc20583","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802236040"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeremy G. Siek","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Colorado at Boulder"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Colorado at Boulder","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802236040"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075744782","display_name":"Manish Vachharajani","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802236040","display_name":"University of Colorado System","ror":"https://ror.org/00jc20583","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802236040"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manish Vachharajani","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Colorado at Boulder"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Colorado at Boulder","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802236040"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.9918,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":78,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97865218,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9926000237464905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type-inference","display_name":"Type inference","score":0.8889815807342529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unification","display_name":"Unification","score":0.7910515069961548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7778451442718506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programmer","display_name":"Programmer","score":0.7753955721855164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.6983430981636047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.6305060386657715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type","display_name":"Type (biology)","score":0.5648967623710632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variable","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","score":0.5574408769607544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variable-elimination","display_name":"Variable elimination","score":0.4632623791694641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type-theory","display_name":"Type theory","score":0.4143725037574768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.4109093248844147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3046944737434387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1380661427974701}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198370458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q586459","display_name":"Type inference","level":3,"score":0.8889815807342529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96146094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q609057","display_name":"Unification","level":2,"score":0.7910515069961548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7778451442718506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778514511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1374194","display_name":"Programmer","level":2,"score":0.7753955721855164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.6983430981636047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.6305060386657715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777299769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3707858","display_name":"Type (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5648967623710632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5574408769607544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169272836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5668307","display_name":"Variable elimination","level":3,"score":0.4632623791694641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93682546","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1056428","display_name":"Type theory","level":3,"score":0.4143725037574768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4109093248844147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3046944737434387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1380661427974701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/1408681.1408688","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1408681.1408688","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2008 symposium on Dynamic languages","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.142.6071","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.142.6071","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://ce.colorado.edu/Publications/dls08_igtlc.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.84.8219","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.84.8219","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.colorado.edu/department/publications/reports/docs/CU-CS-1039-08.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G618739127","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-0702362","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337387","funder_display_name":"Division of Computing and Communication Foundations"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337387","display_name":"Division of Computing and Communication Foundations","ror":"https://ror.org/01mng8331"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W326743114","https://openalex.org/W1491578883","https://openalex.org/W1503831567","https://openalex.org/W1508638970","https://openalex.org/W1556536463","https://openalex.org/W1557561422","https://openalex.org/W1562991736","https://openalex.org/W1568983194","https://openalex.org/W1583092647","https://openalex.org/W1783388813","https://openalex.org/W1829244603","https://openalex.org/W1945811204","https://openalex.org/W1973186567","https://openalex.org/W1983256770","https://openalex.org/W1986022261","https://openalex.org/W1987203566","https://openalex.org/W2014472261","https://openalex.org/W2016049804","https://openalex.org/W2019376542","https://openalex.org/W2019545801","https://openalex.org/W2034379323","https://openalex.org/W2036676170","https://openalex.org/W2043133575","https://openalex.org/W2052973434","https://openalex.org/W2057292961","https://openalex.org/W2064541384","https://openalex.org/W2081992169","https://openalex.org/W2093036100","https://openalex.org/W2100738443","https://openalex.org/W2106192381","https://openalex.org/W2123357908","https://openalex.org/W2127402358","https://openalex.org/W2141210774","https://openalex.org/W2145691535","https://openalex.org/W2150998213","https://openalex.org/W2153895779","https://openalex.org/W2157266926","https://openalex.org/W2163976959","https://openalex.org/W2165046128","https://openalex.org/W2166822586","https://openalex.org/W2293235079","https://openalex.org/W2293770661","https://openalex.org/W2397711898","https://openalex.org/W2742478755","https://openalex.org/W2886069053","https://openalex.org/W3137596000","https://openalex.org/W3163132554","https://openalex.org/W4231423473","https://openalex.org/W4241057360","https://openalex.org/W4245120671","https://openalex.org/W4249075482","https://openalex.org/W6633355477","https://openalex.org/W6638886220","https://openalex.org/W6646060013","https://openalex.org/W6651525624","https://openalex.org/W6679419702"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1987401065","https://openalex.org/W1991090339","https://openalex.org/W3130884665","https://openalex.org/W2949482260","https://openalex.org/W4296000674","https://openalex.org/W4287632524","https://openalex.org/W2076653850","https://openalex.org/W2144952376","https://openalex.org/W4384648301","https://openalex.org/W3110513392"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Static":[0],"and":[1,8,52,82,111,160,164],"dynamic":[2,89],"type":[3,42,54,83,90,98,102,128,139,147,170],"systems":[4],"have":[5],"well-known":[6],"strengths":[7],"weaknesses.":[9],"Gradual":[10],"typing":[11,51,81],"provides":[12],"the":[13,23,30,37,47,57,67,88,97,108,132,150,169],"benefits":[14],"of":[15,29,41,49,59,69,91,100],"both":[16],"in":[17,72,78],"a":[18,61,92,101,126,135,138],"single":[19],"language":[20],"by":[21],"giving":[22],"programmer":[24],"control":[25],"over":[26],"which":[27],"portions":[28],"program":[31],"are":[32],"statically":[33],"checked":[34],"based":[35,130],"on":[36,131],"presence":[38],"or":[39],"absence":[40],"annotations.":[43],"This":[44,105,123],"paper":[45,106,124,153],"studies":[46],"combination":[48],"gradual":[50,80,93],"unification-based":[53],"inference":[55,84,103,158],"with":[56,96,166],"goal":[58],"developing":[60],"system":[62,94,129],"that":[63,134,148],"helps":[64],"programmers":[65],"increase":[66],"amount":[68],"static":[70],"checking":[71],"their":[73],"program.":[74],"The":[75,152],"key":[76],"question":[77],"combining":[79],"is":[85],"how":[86],"should":[87,141],"interact":[95],"variables":[99],"system.":[104,171],"explores":[107],"design":[109,121],"space":[110],"shows":[112],"why":[113],"three":[114],"straightforward":[115],"approaches":[116],"fail":[117],"to":[118,168],"meet":[119],"our":[120],"goals.":[122],"presents":[125],"new":[127],"idea":[133],"solution":[136],"for":[137],"variable":[140],"be":[142],"as":[143,145],"informative":[144],"any":[146],"constrains":[149],"variable.":[151],"also":[154],"develops":[155],"an":[156],"efficient":[157],"algorithm":[159],"proves":[161],"it":[162],"sound":[163],"complete":[165],"respect":[167]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
